Given feedback on the outcomes of our choices, humans can then make adjustments to future decisions. This is how we learn. However, how knowing the outcome of one's decisions influences behavioral changes, and especially the neural basis of those behavioral changes, still remains unclear. To investigate these questions, we employed a simple gambling task, in which participants chose between two alternative cards and received trial-by-trial feedback of their choices. In different sessions, we emphasized either utility (win or loss) or performance (whether the choice was correct [better than the alternative] or incorrect), making one of the two aspects more salient to participants. We found that trial-by-trial feedback and the saliency of the feedback modulated behavioral adjustments and subjective evaluations of the outcomes. With simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, we found that the feedback-related negativity (FRN), P300, and late positive potential (LPP) served as the neural substrates for behavioral decision switching. Together, our findings reveal the neural basis of behavioral adjustment based on outcome evaluation and highlight the key role of feedback evaluation in future action selection and flexible adaptation.

根据对我们选择结果的反馈，人类可以对未来的决策做出调整。这就是我们学习的方式。然而，了解一个人的决定结果如何影响行为变化，尤其是这些行为变化的神经基础，仍然不清楚。为了调查这些问题，我们采用了一个简单的赌博任务，参与者在两张替代卡之间进行选择，并收到他们选择的逐个试验反馈。在不同的会议中，我们强调效用（赢或输）或表现（选择是否正确[比替代方案更好]或不正确），使参与者更突出这两个方面之一。我们发现逐次试验的反馈和反馈的显着性调节了行为调整和结果的主观评价。通过同步脑电图 (EEG) 记录，我们发现反馈相关的负性 (FRN)、P300 和晚期正电位 (LPP) 作为行为决策转换的神经基质。总之，我们的研究结果揭示了基于结果评估的行为调整的神经基础，并强调了反馈评估在未来行动选择和灵活适应中的关键作用。