The advancement in development of lead-free materials (ceramics, single crystal, thin film) acts as a forerunner to the stepwise progression in tailoring the performance of electronic devices. The perovskite-based lead-free ceramics are gaining lot of research interest due to their utilization in several electronic applications. The lead-free ceramics having chemical formula 0.65Bi(Fe_0.98Ga_0.02)O₃–0.35BaTiO₃ (further represented as BFG-BTO ahead) was synthesized employing the high-temperature mixed oxide route. The study aims toward the correlation of structural with electrical properties, exploring the relaxation and conduction mechanism persisting in the material. The single-phase formation in the prepared system is depicted through a powder X-ray diffraction technique suggesting a rhombohedral symmetry along with the cell parameters. The SEM presents surface morphology having high densification. The influence of gallium substitution modifies the electrical parameters of BaTiO₃–BiFeO₃ have been studied employing impedance meter in an extensive frequency (1 kHz–1 MHz) and temperature (25–450 °C). The grains, grain boundaries, electrode effect are revealed by impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures and frequencies. The ferroelectric nature of the sample is ascribed by the P–E loop of the material.

中文翻译：

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0.65Bi（Fe 0.98 Ga 0.02）O 3 –0.35BaTiO 3的介电，阻抗和电导特性研究

无铅材料（陶瓷，单晶，薄膜）的开发进展是定制电子设备性能逐步发展的先驱。钙钛矿基无铅陶瓷由于在多种电子应用中的应用而获得了很多研究兴趣。化学式为0.65Bi（Fe _0.98 Ga _0.02）O ₃ –0.35BaTiO ₃的无铅陶瓷（前面进一步用BFG-BTO表示）是利用高温混合氧化物路线合成的。该研究旨在使结构与电学性质相关联，探索材料中存在的弛豫和传导机制。通过粉末X射线衍射技术描述了所制备系统中的单相形成，暗示了菱面体对称性以及细胞参数。SEM呈现出具有高致密化的表面形态。镓取代的影响改变了BaTiO ₃ –BiFeO ₃的电学参数已经在广泛的频率（1 kHz– 1 MHz）和温度（25–450°C）中使用阻抗计进行了研究。通过在不同温度和频率下的阻抗谱可以揭示晶粒，晶界，电极效应。样品的铁电特性归因于材料的P - E环。