The main aim of the present study was to examine the quality of the groundwater and decipher the sources of groundwater fluoride through mass balance modeling based on fluoride exposure in a geologically heterogeneous semi-arid region of southern India. This was achieved by hydrogeochemical analysis, graphical methods, and mass transfer modeling approaches. Fuzzy comprehensive technique was applied to evaluate the quality of groundwater for groundwater management. In this regard, 61 groundwater samples were obtained from open wells and bore wells and analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. The major cation and anion abundances follow the order Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ and Cl⁻ > HCO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > PO₄³⁻. About 88.4% and 34.4% of the total water samples were dominated with Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in this region, respectively. The fluoride level in groundwater ranged from 0.10 to 3.30 mg/l with a mean value of 1.04 mg/l. Nearly 25% of the groundwater samples collected from 15 villages showed fluoride concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l as per the World Health Organization recommendations for human intake. More than 85% of the samples fell under strong acid (Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻) type. The amount of groundwater salinization in this region was 70.5% since the Revelle index (RI) was excess in the groundwater samples (RI > 0.5 meq/l). Silicate weathering, cation exchange, and gypsum dissolution were the dominant geogenic processes in the aquifer system influencing groundwater chemistry and nullified the possibility of carbonate dissolution. Saturation indices revealed the contribution of sequestration of CaCO₃ in F⁻ enrichment. Total dissolved solids showed strong positive correlations with Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO³⁻ indicating the contribution of anthropogenic inputs to groundwater chemistry in addition to geogenic sources. The results of the fuzzy comprehensive method indicated that 33% of the groundwater samples fell under fair water type, 2% and 11% of the samples fell under poor and very poor quality water types, respectively. Therefore, this work will be helpful for the decision-makers to plan for the sustainable management of groundwater resources.

本研究的主要目的是通过基于印度南部地质异质半干旱地区氟化物暴露的质量平衡模型，研究地下水的质量并破译地下水氟化物的来源。这是通过水文地球化学分析，图形方法和传质建模方法实现的。应用模糊综合技术对地下水质量进行管理。在这方面，从裸眼井和井眼井​​中获得了61个地下水样品，并分析了不同的理化参数。主要的阳离子和阴离子的丰度按照顺序的Na ⁺  >的Ca ²⁺  > Mg的²⁺  >ķ ⁺和Cl ^-  > HCO ₃^-  > SO ₄ ^2-  > NO ₃ ^-  > PO ₄ ^3-。约88.4％，总水样的34.4％用Na为主⁺和Cl ^-离子在该区域中分别。地下水中的氟化物含量范围为0.10至3.30 mg / l，平均值为1.04 mg / l。从15个村庄收集的地下水样本中，近25％的氟化物浓度超过了世界卫生组织关于人体摄入量的建议的最大允许限值1.5 mg / l。样品的85％以上的下强酸（CL下降^-和SO ₄ ^2-）类型。由于Revelle指数（RI）在地下水样品中过量（RI> 0.5 meq / l），因此该地区的地下水盐碱化量为70.5％。硅酸盐风化，阳离子交换和石膏溶解是含水层系统中影响地下水化学的主要地质成因过程，并消除了碳酸盐溶解的可能性。饱和度指数表明碳酸钙的封存贡献₃ F中^-富集。总溶解固体表现出较强的正相关性用Na ⁺，钙²⁺，镁²⁺，氯^-，SO ₄ ^2-和NO ^3-表明除了地源之外，人为输入对地下水化学的贡献。模糊综合法的结果表明，分别有33％的地下水样本属于中水类型，分别有2％和11％的样本属于劣质和极劣质水类型。因此，这项工作将有助于决策者规划地下水资源的可持续管理。