Effect of priming methods including hydro-priming, hormonal priming, halo-priming and scarification techniques and environmental factors including constant temperature, light regimes, pH, salt and osmotic stresses on seed germination was studied in two species of Papaver (P. rhoeas L. and P. dubium L.) in a series of laboratory experiments. The effects of soil texture on seedling emergence were also tested in greenhouse trails. Hormonal priming of seeds with gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) significantly increased germination. The maximum germination of P. rhoeas was obtained at seeds primed with 750 ppm of GA3 concentration for 48 h. The greatest seed germination of P. dubium was recorded in seed treated with 500 ppm GA3 for 48 h. Pre-treatment of seed with 0.5 g.L−1 KNO3 for 24 h increased germination in both species. The maximal germination of P. rhoeas (55.01%) and P. dubium (49.61%) was observed in temperatures 25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The greatest germination of P. rhoeas (55.31%) and P. dubium (57.05%) was achieved when seeds were treated with pH 7. Increasing salt and osmotic stresses decreased seed germination of both species. Seed germination decreased linearly as NaCl concentration enhanced to 40 mM. Germination of both species was sensitive to osmotic stress and inhibited at the osmotic potential more than − 1 MPa. In all soil textures, seedling emergence decreased as planting depth increased. Seedling emergence of seed planted in the compost was higher than sandy loam and clay loam in all tested depths. Information gained from this study could be effective for a better understanding of germination and seedling emergence requirements that may be suitable for an integrative weed control program.

中文翻译：

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两种罂粟属植物（P. rhoeas L. 和 P. dubium L.，罂粟科）的引发技术、发芽和出苗

在两种罂粟（P. rhoeas L.和 P. dubium L.）在一系列实验室实验中。土壤质地对幼苗出苗的影响也在温室小径上进行了测试。用赤霉酸 (GA3) 和硝酸钾 (KNO3) 对种子进行激素引发显着提高了发芽率。在用 750 ppm GA3 浓度引发 48 小时的种子获得最大发芽率。在用 500 ppm GA3 处理 48 小时的种子中记录了 P. dubium 的最大种子发芽。用 0.5 gL-1 KNO3 预处理种子 24 小时可增加两种物种的发芽率。分别在 25 °C 和 20 °C 的温度下观察到 P. rhoeas (55.01%) 和 P. dubium (49.61%) 的最大发芽率。当用 pH 7 处理种子时，P. rhoeas (55.31%) 和 P. dubium (57.05%) 的发芽率最高。增加盐分和渗透胁迫会降低两种物种的种子发芽率。随着 NaCl 浓度增​​加到 40 mM，种子发芽率线性下降。两种物种的萌发对渗透胁迫敏感，并且在超过 - 1 MPa 的渗透势下受到抑制。在所有土壤质地中，随着种植深度的增加，出苗率下降。在所有测试深度，堆肥中种植的种子出苗率均高于砂壤土和粘壤土。