Air pollution is killing close to 5 million people a year, and harming billions more. Air pollution levels remain extremely high in many parts of the world, and air pollution-associated premature deaths have been reported for urbanized areas, particularly linked to the presence of airborne nano-sized and ultrafine particles. To date, most of the research studies did focus on the adverse effects of air pollution on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Although the skin is in direct contact with air pollutants, their damaging effects on the skin are still under investigation. Epidemiological data suggested a correlation between exposure to air pollutants and aggravation of symptoms of chronic immunological skin diseases. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand the current knowledge on the effects of airborne particulate matter on human skin. It aims at providing a deeper understanding of the interactions between air pollutants and skin to further assess their potential risks for human health. Particulate matter was shown to induce a skin barrier dysfunction and provoke the formation of reactive oxygen species through direct and indirect mechanisms, leading to oxidative stress and induced activation of the inflammatory cascade in human skin. Moreover, a positive correlation was reported between extrinsic aging and atopic eczema relative risk with increasing particulate matter exposure.

中文翻译：

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空气中颗粒物对皮肤的影响：从流行病学到体外研究的系统评价。

空气污染每年导致近 500 万人死亡，并伤害数十亿人。世界许多地区的空气污染水平仍然极高，城市化地区已有与空气污染相关的过早死亡报告，特别是与空气中纳米尺寸和超细颗粒的存在有关。迄今为止，大多数研究确实集中在空气污染对人类心血管和呼吸系统的不利影响上。尽管皮肤直接接触空气污染物，但它们对皮肤的破坏作用仍在研究中。流行病学数据表明，接触空气污染物与慢性免疫性皮肤病症状加重之间存在相关性。在这项研究中，进行了系统的文献综述，以了解有关空气颗粒物对人体皮肤影响的当前知识。它旨在更深入地了解空气污染物和皮肤之间的相互作用，以进一步评估它们对人类健康的潜在风险。研究表明，颗粒物可诱导皮肤屏障功能障碍，并通过直接和间接机制引发活性氧的形成，导致氧化应激并诱导人体皮肤炎症级联的激活。此外，据报道，随着颗粒物暴露的增加，外源性衰老和特应性湿疹相对风险之间呈正相关。