In many applied cases of ecological and environmental modeling there is sizeable variation in the independent variables as a result of measurement and sampling errors. This uncertainty may lead to biased predictions. It is possible to avoid this problem by increased sampling and by modeling the errors using hierarchical modeling.

中文翻译：

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生态和环境模型中的测量不确定度。

在生态和环境建模的许多应用案例中，由于测量和采样误差，自变量存在很大的变化。这种不确定性可能导致有偏见的预测。可以通过增加采样并通过使用分层建模对错误进行建模来避免此问题。