Abstract Lumentxa is a classic site in Basque Prehistory, excavated in three different phases during the 20th century, which has yielded evidence of both Pleistocene and Holocene occupations. In this article, we present a detailed study of the human remains from this site including paleobiological, taphonomic, biomechanical and chronological perspectives. The human assemblage comprises of a minimum number of seven individuals: three subadult and four adults, with both sexes represented, although part of the human collection is currently lost. We have obtained C14 dates from 4 of these 7 individuals indicating a prolonged funerary use of the cave from the Early Neolithic until the Bronze Age. We observed some biases in the skeletal representation which could be due to differences in the excavation methods between field seasons and/or the action of carnivores, the latter being evident in at least three of the individuals. The taphonomic modifications are typical off those found in the post-abandonment phases in cave funerary contexts. The relatively low number of individuals compared with other sites in the region and extended timespan over which the remains were deposited suggest that the cave was used only sporadically for funerary purposes. We report the first biomechanical data for a Neolithic individual from the Iberian Peninsula, which show greatest overall similarity to the Neolithic sample from France and Italy. Finally, the broad time period covered by the direct dates and the more complex taphonomic history than was previously assumed for such sites indicate that caution is warranted when assigning sepulchral caves to cultural periods in the Western Pyrenees when no direct 14C dates have been obtained.

中文翻译：

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Lumentxa 洞穴（莱凯蒂奥，比斯开，伊比利亚半岛北部）的人类遗骸：古生物学、埋藏学和年代学

摘要 Lumentxa 是巴斯克史前史的经典遗址，在 20 世纪分三个不同阶段进行挖掘，提供了更新世和全新世占领的证据。在本文中，我们从古生物学、埋藏学、生物力学和年代学角度对来自该遗址的人类遗骸进行了详细研究。人类组合至少包括七个人：三个亚成体和四个成体，男女都有代表，尽管目前人类收藏的一部分已经丢失。我们已经从这 7 个人中的 4 人那里获得了 C14 日期，表明从新石器时代早期到青铜时代，洞穴的葬礼使用时间很长。我们观察到骨骼表示中的一些偏差，这可能是由于野外季节和/或食肉动物的行动之间挖掘方法的差异，后者在至少三个个体中很明显。在洞穴葬礼环境中的遗弃后阶段发现的埋葬修改是典型的。与该地区其他遗址相比，人数相对较少，而且遗骸存放的时间跨度较长，这表明该洞穴只是偶尔用于葬礼目的。我们报告了来自伊比利亚半岛的新石器时代个体的第一个生物力学数据，这些数据与来自法国和意大利的新石器时代样本具有最大的整体相似性。最后，