Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano- to micro- sized vesicles released from cells, have garnered attention in recent years for their role in intercellular communication. Specifically, EVs from various cell sources including stem cells, have shown to have an exacerbatory or therapeutic effect in the content of pro- and anti-inflammatory environments through their interaction with immune recipient cells. This review aims to the coalescence information surrounding EVs derived from various sources and their interaction with microglia in neutral, anti, and pro- inflammatory environments. Overall, in developmental or homeostatic environments, EVs from many CNS lineages have been shown to have specific interactions with recipient microglia. In complex inflammatory environments, such as the tumor micro-environment (TME), EVs have been shown to further influence immune dampening through transition of microglia to a more M2-like phenotype. While not advantageous in the TME, this effect can be harnessed therapeutically in proinflammatory neurological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. EVs derived from various stem cell and non-stem cell derived sources were found to attenuate proinflammatory responses in microglia in in vitro and in vivo models of these conditions. EVs loaded with anti-inflammatory therapeutics furthered this anti-inflammatory effect on recipient microglia.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from multiple cells types modulate microglial polarization. Cartoon depicting common ways microglia are activated through inflammatory and disease processes. EVs, derived from stem and non-stem sources, have been shown to attenuate proinflammatory responses in in vitro and in vivo.

细胞外囊泡（EV）是从细胞释放的纳米到微米大小的囊泡，近年来因其在细胞间通讯中的作用而受到关注。具体来说，来自包括干细胞在内的各种细胞来源的EV通过与免疫受体细胞的相互作用，对促炎和抗炎环境的含量具有加剧或治疗作用。本综述旨在研究各种来源的 EV 的聚结信息及其在中性、抗炎和促炎环境中与小胶质细胞的相互作用。总体而言，在发育或稳态环境中，来自许多 CNS 谱系的 EV 已被证明与受体小胶质细胞具有特定的相互作用。在复杂的炎症环境中，例如肿瘤微环境（TME），EVs已被证明可以通过小胶质细胞向更像M2的表型转变来进一步影响免疫抑制。虽然这种效应在 TME 中没有优势，但可以用于治疗促炎性神经系统疾病，例如中风、阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏症。在这些条件的体外和体内模型中，发现源自各种干细胞和非干细胞来源的 EV 可以减弱小胶质细胞的促炎症反应。装载有抗炎治疗药物的电动汽车进一步增强了对受体小胶质细胞的抗炎作用。

来自多种细胞类型的细胞外囊泡 (EV) 调节小胶质细胞极化。卡通片描绘了小胶质细胞通过炎症和疾病过程被激活的常见方式。来自干细胞和非干细胞来源的 EV 已被证明可以在体外和体内减弱促炎反应。