Seabirds have increasingly encountered offshore wind farms (OWFs) in European waters in the past 10 years, resulting in potential conflicts with offshore foraging areas. During the breeding season, seabirds are restricted in their choice of foraging habitat and are under increased pressure to find enough prey to raise their offspring. However, information on the individual reactions of seabirds towards OWFs during the breeding season is lacking. Three OWFs located 23–35 km north of the island of Helgoland have operated since October 2015. We studied their possible effects on locally breeding common guillemots (Uria aalge) using GPS tracking. GPS tags were deployed on 12 breeding guillemots from Helgoland for 8–26 days during 2016–2017. Most individuals avoided the OWFs, but one individual in each year briefly entered the OWFs on two or three occasions. Using a point process model, we revealed a 63% reduction in the resource selection of the OWF areas compared with the surroundings (lower confidence interval (CI) = 79% reduction, upper CI = 36% reduction). Furthermore, OWF avoidance was increased to 75% when the turbine blades were rotating (lower CI = 93% reduction, upper CI = 11% reduction). Guillemots mainly approached the OWFs from their eastern edge when resting or diving, and rarely approached the areas when commuting. These results provide a detailed description of guillemot reactions to OWFs during the breeding season, and the first comprehensive analysis of OWF effects on this species based on telemetry data. The strong avoidance effect for guillemots during the breeding season indicates the need to consider the presence of OWFs when interpreting future trends in the abundance and breeding success of this species.

中文翻译：

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遥测显示海上风电场在繁殖季节对常见海鸠（Uria aalge）的行为和栖息地使用产生强烈影响

在过去的 10 年中，海鸟越来越多地遇到欧洲水域的海上风电场 (OWF)，导致与海上觅食区的潜在冲突。在繁殖季节，海鸟在觅食栖息地的选择上受到限制，并且面临着寻找足够猎物来养育后代的压力越来越大。然而，缺乏关于海鸟在繁殖季节对 OWF 的个体反应的信息。自 2015 年 10 月以来，位于黑尔戈兰岛以北 23-35 公里处的三个 OWF 开始运营。我们使用 GPS 跟踪研究了它们对当地繁殖常见海鸠（Uria aalge）的可能影响。在 2016-2017 年期间，GPS 标签被部署在来自黑尔戈兰的 12 只繁殖海鸠上 8-26 天。大多数人都避开了 OWF，但每年都有一个人短暂地进入 OWFs 两三次。使用点过程模型，我们发现与周围环境相比，OWF 区域的资源选择减少了 63%（下置信区间 (CI) = 79% 减少，上 CI = 36% 减少）。此外，当涡轮叶片旋转时，OWF 避免增加到 75%（较低 CI = 93% 减少，较高 CI = 11% 减少）。Guillemots 主要在休息或潜水时从它们的东部边缘接近 OWF，而在通勤时很少接近这些区域。这些结果详细描述了繁殖季节海鸠对 OWF 的反应，并首次基于遥测数据综合分析了 OWF 对该物种的影响。