Migratory birds complete their seasonal journeys between breeding and non‐breeding sites with a series of migratory flights that are separated by prolonged stopovers. While songbirds are the most common taxa among migratory birds, empirical data on flight and stopover behaviour along their entire migratory journeys are still rare. Here, we integrate activity and barometric pressure tracking with classical light‐level geolocation to describe migration behaviour of tawny pipits Anthus campestris breeding in central Europe. Surprisingly, tracked pipits used, on average, as many as 10 stopover sites during their six week, > 5000 km long autumn migration. This conforms to a typical hop‐type pattern of migration. In contrast to common knowledge which considers the tawny pipit as a typical diurnal migrant, our data revealed that more than two thirds of all migratory movements were carried out at night. Nocturnal departure times were highly variable within individuals and spread across the entire night while landing most often took place within the first few hours after sunrise. Consequently, there was a negative relationship between departure timing relative to sunset and flight duration. Short flights of up to 2 h were most common and median flight duration was 4.5 h. There was a hyperbolic relationship between flight duration and maximum flight altitude and flight altitudes during night were two times higher compared to daytime. The overall ratio of flight versus stopover duration during migration was on average 1:6.5. This closely matches predictions from theoretical models. We show that multi‐sensor tracking has the potential to provide unprecedented details on migratory behaviour of individual birds along their entire migratory journeys, and it also improves the precision of geographical locations derived from light‐level geolocators.

中文翻译：

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将光水平地理定位与活动跟踪相结合，揭示了黄褐色的意外夜间迁徙模式

候鸟通过一系列候鸟飞行完成了他们在繁殖和非繁殖地点之间的季节性旅行，这些候鸟被长时间的中途停留所隔开。尽管鸣禽是候鸟中最常见的分类群，但在整个候鸟旅程中飞行和中途停留行为的经验数据仍然很少。在这里，我们将活动和大气压力跟踪与经典的光水平地理定位相结合，以描述黄褐色的田雀（Anthus campestris）的迁移行为在中欧繁殖。令人惊讶的是，在六个星期内，超过5000公里长的秋季迁徙，追踪的飞行员平均使用了多达10个中转站。这符合典型的跃点类型迁移模式。与将黄褐色的皮皮鱼视为典型的昼夜移徙者的常识相反，我们的数据显示，所有移徙活动中有三分之二以上是在夜间进行的。夜间的出发时间在各个人之间变化很大，并且分布在整个晚上，而降落最常发生在日出后的最初几个小时内。因此，相对于日落的出发时间与飞行时间之间存在负相关关系。最短的飞行时间是2小时，中位飞行时间是4.5小时。飞行持续时间与最大飞行高度之间存在双曲线关系，夜间飞行高度是白天的两倍。迁移期间飞行与中途停留时间的总体比率平均为1：6.5。这与理论模型的预测非常吻合。我们表明，多传感器跟踪有可能为单个鸟类在其整个迁徙过程中的迁徙行为提供空前的细节，并且还可以提高从光水平定位器得出的地理位置的精度。