Most interactive user interfaces (UIs) for virtual reality (VR) applications are based on the traditional eye-centred UI design principle, which primarily considers the user’s visual searching efficiency and comfort, but the hand operation performance and ergonomics are relatively less considered. As a result, the hand interaction in VR is often criticized as being less efficient and precise. In this paper, the user’s arm movement features, such as the choice of the hand being used and hand interaction position, are hypothesized to influence the interaction results derived from a VR study. To verify this, we conducted a free hand target selection experiment with 24 participants. The results showed that (a) the hand choice had a significant effect on the target selection results: for a left hand interaction, the targets located in spaces to the left were selected more efficiently and accurately than those in spaces to the right; however, in a right hand interaction, the result was reversed, and (b) the free hand interactions at lower positions were more efficient and accurate than those at higher positions. Based on the above findings, this paper proposes a hand-adaptive UI technique to improve free hand interaction performance in VR. A comprehensive comparison between the hand-adaptive UI and traditional eye-centred UI was also conducted. It was shown that the hand-adaptive UI resulted in a higher interaction efficiency and a lower physical exertion and perceived task difficulty than the traditional UI.

大多数用于虚拟现实（VR）应用程序的交互式用户界面（UI）都基于传统的以眼睛为中心的UI设计原理，该原理主要考虑用户的视觉搜索效率和舒适度，但是相对较少考虑手操作性能和人体工程学。结果，VR中的手部交互通常被批评为效率较低且精确度较低。在本文中，假设用户的手臂运动特征（例如所用手的选择和手的交互位置）会影响从VR研究得出的交互结果。为了验证这一点，我们进行了24名参与者的徒手目标选择实验。结果表明：（a）手选择对目标选择结果有重大影响：对于左手互动，与左侧空间相比，左侧空间中的目标被更有效，更准确地选择；但是，在右手交互中，结果相反，（b）较低位置的自由手交互比较高位置的自由手交互更有效和准确。基于以上发现，本文提出了一种手自适应UI技术，以提高VR中的自由手交互性能。还对自适应UI和传统以眼睛为中心的UI进行了全面比较。结果表明，与传统UI相比，自适应UI的交互效率更高，体力消耗和任务难度更低。（b）较低位置的自由手交互比较高位置的自由手交互更为有效和准确。基于以上发现，本文提出了一种手自适应UI技术，以提高VR中的自由手交互性能。还对自适应UI和传统以眼睛为中心的UI进行了全面比较。结果表明，与传统UI相比，自适应UI的交互效率更高，体力消耗和任务难度更低。（b）较低位置的自由手交互比较高位置的自由手交互更为有效和准确。基于以上发现，本文提出了一种手自适应UI技术，以提高VR中的自由手交互性能。还对自适应UI和传统以眼睛为中心的UI进行了全面比较。结果表明，与传统UI相比，自适应UI的交互效率更高，体力消耗和任务难度更低。还对自适应UI和传统以眼睛为中心的UI进行了全面比较。结果表明，与传统UI相比，自适应UI的交互效率更高，体力消耗和任务难度更低。还对自适应UI和传统以眼睛为中心的UI进行了全面比较。结果表明，与传统UI相比，自适应UI的交互效率更高，体力消耗和任务难度更低。