Nickel nanoparticles can work as catalyst for the aquathermolysis reactions between water and heavy oil. A homogeneous and stable suspension is needed to carry the nickel nanoparticles into deeper reservoirs. This study conducts a detailed investigation on how to achieve stabilized nickel nanoparticle suspensions with the use of surfactant and polymer. To stabilize the nickel nanoparticle suspension, three surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate, cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and polyoxyalkalene amine derivative (Hypermer) along with xanthan gum polymer were introduced into the nickel nanoparticle suspension. Static stability tests and zeta potential measurements were conducted to determine the polymer/surfactant recipes yielding the most stable nickel nanoparticle suspensions. Dynamic micromodel flow tests were also conducted on three suspensions to reveal how the nickel nanoparticles would travel and distribute in porous media. Test results showed that when the injection was initiated, most nickel nanoparticles were able to pass through the gaps between the sand grains and produced in the outlet of the micromodel; only a small number of the nickel nanoparticles were attached to the grain surface. A higher nickel concentration in the suspension may lead to agglomeration of nickel nanoparticles in porous media, while a lower concentration can mitigate this agglomeration. Moreover, clusters tended to form when the nickel nanoparticle suspension carried an electrical charge opposite to that of the porous media. Follow-up waterflood was initiated after the nanofluid injection. It was found that the waterflood could not flush away the nanoparticles that were remaining in the micromodel.

中文翻译：

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借助聚合物和表面活性剂稳定镍纳米颗粒悬浮液：静态瓶试验和动态微模型流动试验

镍纳米粒子可以用作水和重油之间的水热分解反应的催化剂。需要均匀且稳定的悬浮液以将镍纳米颗粒带入更深的储层中。这项研究对如何通过使用表面活性剂和聚合物来获得稳定的镍纳米颗粒悬浮液进行了详细的研究。为了稳定镍纳米颗粒悬浮液，将三种表面活性剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠，阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和聚氧化烯胺衍生物（Hypermer）以及黄原胶聚合物引入到镍纳米颗粒悬浮液中。进行了静态稳定性测试和zeta电位测量，以确定可产生最稳定的镍纳米粒子悬浮液的聚合物/表面活性剂配方。还对三种悬浮液进行了动态微模型流动测试，以揭示镍纳米粒子如何在多孔介质中传播和分布。测试结果表明，当开始注入时，大多数镍纳米粒子都能够穿过砂粒之间的间隙并在微模型的出口处产生。只有少量的镍纳米颗粒附着在晶粒表面。悬浮液中较高的镍浓度可导致多孔介质中镍纳米粒子的团聚，而较低的浓度可减轻这种团聚。此外，当镍纳米颗粒悬浮液携带与多孔介质相反的电荷时，趋于形成簇。纳米流体注射后开始后续注水。