Black phosphorus (BP) or phosphorene, a new superstar among two-dimensional (2D) materials, has sparked huge scientific interest since its discovery in 2014. BP offers unique characteristics including high drug loading efficiency, excellent photodynamic and photothermal properties and good biocompatibility. These characteristics expand versatility of BP in nanomedicine. Although the outlook of BP seems promising, its practical biomedical applications are still at the very initial stage especially in comparison to other thoroughly investigated inorganic nanomaterials. This paper reviews BP structure and properties as well as its preparation approaches with the emphasis on techniques to improve BP stability and biocompatibility for their further usage in physiological environment. Meanwhile, recent progress made in various biomedical research fields from bioimaging to biosensing is discussed. Last, but not least, current challenges and prospects for BP in biomedicine are briefly examined, which will be useful to guide future developments of BP.

中文翻译：

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黑磷作为一种多功能纳米平台：从独特的特性到生物医学应用

黑磷 (BP) 或磷烯是二维 (2D) 材料中的新巨星，自 2014 年被发现以来就引起了巨大的科学兴趣。BP 具有独特的特性，包括高载药效率、优异的光动力学和光热性能以及良好的生物相容性。这些特性扩展了 BP 在纳米医学中的多功能性。尽管 BP 的前景看起来很有希望，但其实际的生物医学应用仍处于起步阶段，特别是与其他经过深入研究的无机纳米材料相比。本文回顾了 BP 的结构和性质及其制备方法，重点介绍了提高 BP 稳定性和生物相容性以使其在生理环境中进一步使用的技术。同时，讨论了从生物成像到生物传感等各种生物医学研究领域的最新进展。最后但并非最不重要的一点是，简要检查了 BP 在生物医学中的当前挑战和前景，这将有助于指导 BP 的未来发展。