Background Properly replacing energy and fluids is a challenge for 24-h ultramarathoners because such unusually high intake may induce adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms [GIS] and exercise-associated hyponatremia [EAH]). We analyzed such intake for 12 twelve elite athletes (6 males and 6 females; age: 46 ± 7 years, height: 170 ± 9 cm, weight: 61.1 ± 9.6 kg, total distance run: 193–272 km) during the 2019 24-h World Championships and compared it to the latest nutritional recommendations described by the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2019. We hypothesized that these elite athletes would easily comply these recommendations without exhibiting detrimental adverse symptoms. Methods Ad libitum food and fluid intake was recorded in real-time and energy, macronutrient, sodium, and caffeine intake then calculated using a spreadsheet in which the nutritional composition of each item was previously recorded. GIS, markers of dehydration (body mass modifications, plasma and urine osmolality, and plasma volume; samples obtained 26 h before and just after the race) and EAH (plasma and urine sodium concentrations) were also assessed. Results Fluid, energy, and carbohydrate intake of the 11 finishers was 16.4 ± 6.9 L, 35.1 ± 15.7 MJ, and 1.49 ± 0.71 kg, respectively. Individual analyses showed that all but one (for fluid intake) or two (for energy and carbohydrate intake) consumed more than the minimum recommendations. The calculated energy balance remained, however, largely negative (− 29.5 ± 16.1 MJ). Such unusually high intake was not accompanied by detrimental GIS (recorded in 75%, but only transiently [3.0 ± 0.9 h]) or EAH (0%). The athletes were not dehydrated, shown by the absence of significant body mass loss (− 0.92 ± 2.13%) and modifications of plasma osmolality and an increase in plasma volume (+ 19.5 ± 15.8%). Performance (distance ran) positively correlated with energy intake ( ρ = 0.674, p = 0.023) and negatively ( ρ = − 0.776, p = 0.005) with fluid intake. Conclusions Overall, almost all of these elite 24-h ultramarathoners surpassed the nutritional recommendations without encountering significant or the usual adverse effects.

中文翻译：

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24小时世锦赛精英超耐力跑者的食物和液体摄入分析

背景 正确补充能量和液体对 24 小时超级马拉松运动员来说是一个挑战，因为这种异常高的摄入量可能会引起不良反应（胃肠道症状 [GIS] 和运动相关的低钠血症 [EAH]）。我们分析了 2019 年 12 名 12 名优秀运动员（6 男 6 女；年龄：46±7 岁，身高：170±9 厘米，体重：61.1±9.6 公斤，总跑步距离：193-272 公里）的摄入量 24 -h 世界锦标赛，并将其与国际运动营养学会在 2019 年描述的最新营养建议进行了比较。我们假设这些精英运动员很容易遵守这些建议，而不会表现出有害的不良症状。方法实时记录随意摄食和流质，并记录能量、常量营养素、钠、然后使用电子表格计算咖啡因摄入量，其中预先记录了每个项目的营养成分。还评估了 GIS、脱水标志物（体重改变、血浆和尿液渗透压和血浆容量；在比赛前和比赛结束后 26 小时采集的样本）和 EAH（血浆和尿钠浓度）。结果 11 名完成者的液体、能量和碳水化合物摄入量分别为 16.4 ± 6.9 L、35.1 ± 15.7 MJ 和 1.49 ± 0.71 kg。个别分析表明，除了一种（液体摄入量）或两种（能量和碳水化合物摄入量）外，所有食物的消耗量都超过了最低推荐值。然而，计算出的能量平衡仍然为负值（− 29.5 ± 16.1 MJ）。这种异常高的摄入量并没有伴随着有害的 GIS（记录为 75%，但只是短暂的 [3.0 ± 0. 9 小时]) 或 EAH (0%)。运动员没有脱水，这表现为没有显着的体重减轻 (- 0.92 ± 2.13%) 和血浆渗透压的改变以及血浆体积的增加 (+ 19.5 ± 15.8%)。表现（跑距离）与能量摄入呈正相关（ρ = 0.674，p = 0.023），与液体摄入呈负相关（ρ = - 0.776，p = 0.005）。结论 总的来说，几乎所有这些精英 24 小时超级马拉松运动员都超过了营养建议，而没有遇到显着或常见的不良反应。p = 0.005) 摄入液体。结论 总体而言，几乎所有这些精英 24 小时超级马拉松运动员都超过了营养建议，而没有遇到显着或常见的不良反应。p = 0.005) 摄入液体。结论 总体而言，几乎所有这些精英 24 小时超级马拉松运动员都超过了营养建议，而没有遇到显着或常见的不良反应。