Exploring species richness and turnover patterns and their drivers can provide new insights into underlying mechanisms shaping community assembly, with significant implications for biodiversity conservation. Here, we explored diversity patterns of non-endemic, neo-endemic and palaeo-endemic vascular plants in Crete, Greece, a Mediterranean hotspot of plant richness and endemism. We evaluated the relationship between α-diversity and environmental (bioclimatic variables, topography), and anthropogenic variables by Generalized Additive Models, after accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Then, we quantified turnover using the novel concept of zeta diversity (the number of shared species by multiple sites), a framework which allows to explore the full spectrum of compositional turnover, the contribution of rare and widespread species to observed patterns and the underlying processes shaping them. Finally, we explored the abiotic and biotic effects, i.e. how well one category of species (non-endemics, palaeo-endemics, neo-endemics) predicts the patterns of the other categories, on zeta diversity by multi-site Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling. We found a strong correlation between neo-endemic and palaeo-endemic α-diversity, with climate, topography, and human impact driving species richness. Zeta diversity analysis revealed a sharper decrease of shared palaeo-endemic species, followed by neo-endemics, and then by non-endemics with the number of sites considered to estimate compositional turnover. Perhaps, the narrow distributions of palaeo-endemics as relict species and often habitat specialists, thus persisting locally, and of neo-endemics that may have not reached yet their potential geographical range, resulted in the observed zeta diversity decline pattern. Deterministic processes controlled species turnover of rare non-endemic and neo-endemic species, while deterministic and stochastic processes contributed similarly to palaeo-endemic turnover. However, stochasticity dominates in the case of widespread species in all occasions. The environmental and anthropogenic variables were poor predictors of compositional turnover, especially of widespread species. However, the non-endemic species composition was correlated to rare palaeo-endemics and neo-endemics, highlighting the importance of biotic effects in driving turnover patterns. It seems that centers of neo-endemism of vascular plants coincide with centers of palaeo-endemism in Crete, but species richness and species turnover are shaped by different drivers.

中文翻译：

---

地中海热点地区新特有和古特有维管植物物种丰富度和更新的模式和驱动因素：以希腊克里特岛为例

探索物种丰富度和周转方式及其动因可以提供新的见解，以了解形成社区集会的潜在机制，这对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。在这里，我们探索了希腊克里特岛（地中海地区植物丰富和特有的热点地区）的非地方性，新地方性和古地方性维管植物的多样性模式。在考虑了空间自相关之后，我们通过广义可加模型评估了α多样性与环境（生物气候变量，地形）和人为变量之间的关系。然后，我们使用zeta多样性的新概念（多个地点共有物种的数量）对营业额进行了量化，该框架可以探索成分营业额的整个范围，稀有和广泛物种对观察到的模式及其形成的潜在过程的贡献。最后，我们探索了非生物和生物效应，即一类物种（非特有种，古特有种，新特有种）通过多站点广义异种建模对zeta多样性的预测如何很好地预测了其他种类的模式。我们发现新流行病和古流行病α多样性与气候，地形和人类影响驱动物种丰富度之间有很强的相关性。Zeta多样性分析显示，共享的古特有物种急剧减少，其次是新特有种，然后是非特有种，并考虑了估计组成更新的位点数量。也许，古生物作为遗物物种（通常是栖息地专家）的分布较窄，因而在当地持续存在，以及可能尚未达到其潜在地理范围的新流行病，导致观察到的zeta多样性下降模式。确定性过程控制着稀有的非特有和新特有物种的物种周转，而确定性过程和随机过程与古地方性周转的贡献相似。但是，在所有情况下，在广泛分布物种的情况下，随机性占主导地位。环境和人为变量不能很好地预测成分转换，特别是广泛物种的转换。然而，非特有物种的组成与稀有的古特有和新特有相关，突出了生物效应在驱动周转模式中的重要性。似乎在克里特岛，维管束植物的新地方性中心与古地方性中心重合，