Biodiversity loss, partly due to intensification of agriculture, has become a global issue. In this context, fruit producers have been looking for nature-friendly production methods. By reducing intensive pesticide use and enhancing orchard management, they aim to create habitats suitable for beneficial organisms. Fruit production, especially in low-stem orchards, requires several interventions (plant protection, tillage, greenwork) throughout the year, each of them representing a disturbance. Thus, an expert system that evaluates and aggregates the impact of individual farming activities on a set of biodiversity indicators would be a valuable tool for developing new, less biodiversity-damaging scenarios. This expert system should be based on expert knowledge and scientific evidence. Surprisingly, our literature searches suggested that international journals contain few publications on the impact of most practices (except pesticide use) in orchards on biodiversity in general and beneficial organisms in particular. However, in the last decade, an increasing number of published articles have pointed out the rising importance of biodiversity in life cycle assessment. We therefore compiled and structured the available evidence to (1) assess the state of research on discrete biodiversity indicators and agricultural practices, (2) identify the literature relevant for assessing production impact and habitat suitability for supporting biodiversity and (3) provide a wide-ranging overview of existing evidence of the impact of agricultural practices in fruit orchards on biodiversity. A systematic literature search was performed in scientific journals, agronomy magazines and across the internet in English, German and French. The main reviewer followed a step-by-step eligibility scheme that was validated by a Kappa test between two reviewers. Additionally, a third reviewer checked a subset of articles. We mapped a large range of parameters, which were structured in code sets. To compute a study validity assessment, we used 13 parameters that reflected the relevance of each article to the impact of agricultural practices in fruit orchards on biodiversity indicator species groups. The search returned 947 included articles. The map identified major differences in the attention given to different indicators and practices over time, ranging from closely investigated (clusters) to neglected (gaps)—e.g. spiders and birds or amphibians and reptiles, respectively. The majority of studies were short-term surveys, mainly done in low-stem orchards. Main areas studied were Western Europe and Eastern North America. The resulting database is presented along with descriptive statistics of the distribution and abundance of evidence across time, interventions and outcomes. The current systematic map reveals that rigorous and comprehensive investigations on the suitability of orchards as perennial habitats for wildlife, run on the long-term and following a holistic approach, are still basically lacking. Although evidence base on orchard management effects on particular organisms has grown over the past two decades, information to develop reliable close-to-nature management tools and strategies is insufficient. The implications for policy and research suggest that—in view of worldwide biodiversity loss, which may cause a major threat for food production—a better understanding of the role played by orchards and their management in agricultural landscapes for biodiversity is required.

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有哪些证据表明果园的农业实践对生物多样性有影响？系统地图

部分由于农业集约化造成的生物多样性丧失已成为全球性问题。在这种情况下，水果生产者一直在寻找对自然有益的生产方法。通过减少农药的大量使用并加强果园的管理，他们旨在创造适合有益生物的栖息地。一年中，尤其是在低茎果园中的水果生产，需要采取多种干预措施（植物保护，耕作，绿化），每种干预都构成干扰。因此，评估和汇总单个农业活动对一套生物多样性指标的影响的专家系统将是开发新的，对生物多样性造成破坏程度较小的方案的宝贵工具。该专家系统应基于专家知识和科学证据。出奇，我们的文献检索表明，国际期刊上几乎没有出版物涉及果园中大多数做法（除使用农药之外​​）对一般生物多样性，特别是对有益生物的影响。但是，在过去十年中，越来越多的已发表文章指出了生物多样性在生命周期评估中的重要性日益提高。因此，我们汇总并整理了可用于以下方面的证据：（1）评估离散生物多样性指标和农业实践的研究状况；（2）确定与评估生产影响和栖息地适合性以支持生物多样性相关的文献；（3）提供广泛的关于果园农业实践对生物多样性影响的现有证据的广泛概述。在科学期刊上进行了系统的文献检索，农学杂志以及互联网上的英文，德文和法文。主要审稿人遵循了逐步的资格方案，该方案已通过两名审稿人之间的Kappa测试进行了验证。此外，第三位审阅者检查了文章的子集。我们映射了大量参数，这些参数以代码集的形式进行构造。为了计算研究有效性评估，我们使用了13个参数，这些参数反映了每篇文章与果园农业实践对生物多样性指标物种组的影响的相关性。搜索返回947篇包括文章。该地图确定了随着时间的推移，对不同指标和实践的关注度存在重大差异，从仔细研究（集群）到被忽略（差距），例如分别是蜘蛛和鸟类或两栖动物和爬行动物。大多数研究是短期调查，主要在低茎果园进行。研究的主要领域是西欧和北美东部。结果数据库与时间，干预措施和结果之间证据的分布和丰富性的描述性统计一起显示。当前的系统地图显示，长期缺乏果园作为野生生物多年生栖息地的适宜性，但仍缺乏严格而全面的研究，这些研究是长期进行的，并采用整体方法。尽管在过去的二十年中，基于果园管理对特定生物的影响的证据不断增加，但是用于开发可靠的，接近自然的管理工具和策略的信息仍然不足。对政策和研究的影响表明，鉴于全球生物多样性的丧失，