SUMMARY The first documented outbreaks of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in ostriches were reported in zoo birds in the 1950s. Newcastle disease (ND) causes economic losses in the form of morbidity and mortality as well as expenses incurred for vaccination, diagnosis and disease treatment. Avian paramyxovirus type 1 causes lethal disease in ostriches with morbidity and mortality >50% and 80–85%, respectively. The most vulnerable age of ostriches for ND infection is 3–6 months. Symptoms include facial oedema and persistent nervous behaviour, followed by death. Adoption of best biosecurity measures, vaccination of chicks and monitoring antibody titres at regular intervals can reduce ND incidence significantly. It has been proven that higher doses of commercially available vaccines are required to produce protective antibody titres in ostriches against a field challenge. Control programmes in the ostrich should be started at <3 months of age, primarily in regions where NDV is prevalent. The eye drop immunisation method provides 80–90% protection; as compared to drinking water at 50–60%, but eye drop administration is difficult in older ostriches. Different serological and molecular tests have been developed for the detection of ND in ostrich samples. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is more specific and sensitive (91–96%) than the haemagglutination inhibition test (86–87%) to determine anti-NDV antibodies in ostrich sera. To understand the disease, the history of ND in the ostrich, along with aetiology, epidemiology and genomic sequence of NDV is required. The prevention and control of the disease through vaccination and measures to prevent transmission to other ostrich birds is important.

中文翻译：

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鸵鸟（Struthio camelus）新城疫的生态流行病学和发病机制

总结 1950 年代，在动物园鸟类中报告了第一次有记录的鸵鸟新城疫病毒 (NDV) 暴发。新城疫 (ND) 以发病率和死亡率以及疫苗接种、诊断和疾病治疗费用的形式造成经济损失。禽副粘病毒 1 型在鸵鸟中引起致命疾病，发病率和死亡率分别 >50% 和 80-85%。鸵鸟最容易感染 ND 的年龄是 3-6 个月。症状包括面部水肿和持续的神经行为，随后死亡。采取最佳生物安全措施、定期给雏鸡接种疫苗和监测抗体滴度可以显着降低 ND 发生率。已经证明，需要更高剂量的市售疫苗才能在鸵鸟体内产生保护性抗体滴度以抵御野外挑战。鸵鸟的控制计划应在 <3 个月大时开始，主要是在 NDV 流行的地区。滴眼液免疫法提供80-90%的保护；与 50-60% 的饮用水相比，但在老年鸵鸟身上滴眼药水很困难。已经开发了不同的血清学和分子测试来检测鸵鸟样本中的 ND。在确定鸵鸟血清中的抗 NDV 抗体时，酶联免疫吸附试验比血凝抑制试验 (86-87%) 更特异和灵敏 (91-96%)。要了解该疾病、鸵鸟 ND 的历史以及病因，需要 NDV 的流行病学和基因组序列。通过疫苗接种和防止传染给其他鸵鸟的措施来预防和控制该疾病是很重要的。