ABSTRACT We investigated the characteristics of thermally evaporated fullerene (C60)/Ag/C60 (CAC) multilayer films for use in semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and thin-film heaters (TFHs). The top and bottom C60 layers and Ag interlayer were prepared using multi-source thermal evaporation, and the thickness of the Ag interlayer was investigated in detail for its effects on the resistivity, optical transmittance, and mechanical properties of the CAC electrodes. We used a figure-of-merit analysis to obtain a CAC electrode with a smooth surface morphology that exhibited a sheet resistance of 5.63 Ohm/square and an optical transmittance of 66.13% at a 550 nm wavelength. We conducted mechanical deformation tests to confirm that the thermally evaporated multilayer CAC electrode has a high durability, even after 10,000 times of inner and outer bending, rolling, and twisting due to the flexibility of the amorphous C60 and Ag interlayer. We evaluated the feasibility of using CAC electrodes for semi-transparent PSCs and TFHs. The semi-transparent PSC with 1.08 cm2 active area prepared with a transparent multilayer CAC cathode showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.1%. Furthermore, flexible TFHs (2.5 × 2.5 cm2) fabricated on a thermally evaporated CAC electrode show a high saturation temperature of 116.6 C, even at a low input voltage of 4.5 V, due to a very low sheet resistance. Based on the performance of the PSCs and TFHs, we conclude that the thermally evaporated multilayer CAC electrode is promising for use as a transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for semi-transparent PSCs and TFHs, with characteristics comparable to sputtered TCEs.

中文翻译：

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用于半透明钙钛矿光伏和薄膜加热器的热蒸发 C60/Ag/C60 多层电极


摘要：我们研究了用于半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）和薄膜加热器（TFH）的热蒸发富勒烯（C60）/Ag/C60（CAC）多层薄膜的特性。采用多源热蒸发制备了顶部和底部的C60层以及Ag中间层，并详细研究了Ag中间层的厚度对CAC电极的电阻率、透光率和机械性能的影响。我们使用品质因数分析获得了具有光滑表面形貌的CAC电极，其方块电阻为5.63欧姆/平方，在550 nm波长下的光学透射率为66.13%。我们进行了机械变形测试，证实热蒸发多层 CAC 电极由于非晶 C60 和 Ag 中间层的柔韧性，即使经过 10,000 次内外弯曲、滚压和扭曲，也具有很高的耐用性。我们评估了使用 CAC 电极用于半透明 PSC 和 TFH 的可行性。采用透明多层CAC阴极制备的半透明PSC活性面积为1.08 cm2，其功率转换效率（PCE）为5.1%。此外，在热蒸发 CAC 电极上制造的柔性 TFH (2.5 × 2.5 cm2) 由于极低的薄层电阻，即使在 4.5 V 的低输入电压下也显示出 116.6 C 的高饱和温度。根据PSC和TFH的性能，我们得出结论，热蒸发多层CAC电极有望用作半透明PSC和TFH的透明导电电极（TCE），其特性与溅射TCE相当。