ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the three-dimensional boundary-layer flow over an exponentially stretching surface in two parallel ways. Constitutive equations of a second-grade fluid are used. Instead of classical Fourier’s law, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model is employed for the formulation of the energy equation. This model can predict the effects of thermal relaxation time on the boundary layer. The resulting partial differential equations are reduced into ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to solve the non-linear problem. Physical impact of emerging parameters on the momentum and thermal boundary-layer thickness are studied.

中文翻译：

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粘弹性流体在指数拉伸表面上的三维流动的 Cattaneo-Christov 热通量模型

摘要 在本文中，我们以两种平行方式探索了指数拉伸表面上的三维边界层流动。使用了二级流体的本构方程。代替经典的傅立叶定律，使用 Cattaneo-Christov 热通量模型来制定能量方程。该模型可以预测热弛豫时间对边界层的影响。通过相似变换将得到的偏微分方程简化为常微分方程。采用同伦分析法（HAM）来解决非线性问题。研究了新兴参数对动量和热边界层厚度的物理影响。