It is generally known that beeswax is falsified, and adulterated waxes are increasingly appearing in markets. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to assess changes in the composition of n-alkanes, fatty acids, monoesters, methyl esters, hydroxy esters, and carboxylic acids caused by the adulteration of beeswax by paraffin addition. Both the calibration (pure beeswax and paraffin) and commercial samples of wax were used to compare the efficiency of these methods. For this purpose, the ratio of palmitic acid methyl ester to octacosane was used in GC/MS. Using spectroscopic methods, the relative content of carbonyl groups was chosen as the assessment criterion, and quantitative calibration was based on the ratio of the stretching vibration of the C = O bonds and the deformation vibration of the aliphatic C–H bonds. It was found that even a small addition of paraffin to beeswax caused more than a 50% reduction in the ratio, and 10% paraffin resulted in a 17-fold reduction in the ratio with respect to the pure beeswax sample. Given that beeswax processing includes multiple heating and cooling, the influence of temperature and time on the chemical composition of the waxes was also investigated. There was a trend towards a simultaneous decrease in carboxylic acid groups and an increase in hydroxy esters and palmitic acid methyl ester with increasing heating time. However, the changes were small, so the heating process does not affect significantly the quality of beeswax.

中文翻译：

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使用 GC/MS、FTIR-ATR 和拉曼光谱分析掺入石蜡的蜂蜡

蜂蜡造假是众所周知的事，市场上越来越多地出现掺假蜂蜡。气相色谱/质谱 (GC/MS)、傅里叶变换红外和拉曼光谱技术用于评估由掺假引起的正烷烃、脂肪酸、单酯、甲酯、羟基酯和羧酸的组成变化。通过石蜡添加蜂蜡。校准（纯蜂蜡和石蜡）和商业蜡样品都用于比较这些方法的效率。为此，在 GC/MS 中使用棕榈酸甲酯与二十八烷的比率。采用光谱方法，选择羰基相对含量作为评价标准，定量校准基于 C = O 键的伸缩振动和脂肪族 C-H 键的变形振动的比率。结果发现，即使在蜂蜡中加入少量石蜡也会导致该比例降低 50% 以上，而 10% 的石蜡导致该比例相对于纯蜂蜡样品降低 17 倍。鉴于蜂蜡加工包括多次加热和冷却，还研究了温度和时间对蜡化学成分的影响。随着加热时间的增加，存在羧酸基团同时减少以及羟基酯和棕榈酸甲酯增加的趋势。然而，变化很小，因此加热过程不会显着影响蜂蜡的质量。