Propolis has attracted commercial interest as a good source of flavonoids and terpenes. This study applied a two-step sequential extraction process, consisting of a super/subcritical extraction step and an ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAEE) step to raw propolis. The yields of propolis extracts and the extraction rates of flavonoids and terpenes have been used to evaluate the different extraction methods. The results have indicated that the yields of propolis extracts, total flavonoids, and eight characteristic flavonoids from subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) were much higher than the yields from supercritical CO₂ extraction (SC-CO₂), especially when the subcritical mixed-fluids extraction (SMFE) and subcritical subsection extraction (SSE) techniques were used. However, the extraction rate of terpenes from subcritical propane extraction (SPE) was obviously higher than the rates obtained with the other techniques. Furthermore, compared with the ethanol extracts of the super/subcritical raffinates, there is still a considerable amount of flavonoids in SPE raffinates (at 114.48 mg/g raffinate). SMFE and SSE can achieve efficient extraction of flavonoids, but synchronous extraction of terpenes and flavonoids can be achieved via two-step sequential extraction with SPE and UAEE. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for the effective extraction of propolis.

蜂胶作为黄酮类化合物和萜烯的良好来源已引起商业兴趣。本研究采用两步顺序提取工艺，包括超/亚临界提取步骤和超声辅助乙醇提取 (UAEE) 步骤来处理原始蜂胶。蜂胶提取物的产量和黄酮类化合物和萜烯的提取率已被用于评估不同的提取方法。结果表明，亚临界流体萃取（SFE）的蜂胶提取物、总黄酮和八种特征黄酮的得率远高于超临界CO ₂萃取（SC-CO ₂)，尤其是在使用亚临界混合流体萃取 (SMFE) 和亚临界分段萃取 (SSE) 技术时。然而，亚临界丙烷萃取（SPE）中萜烯的萃取率明显高于其他技术的萃取率。此外，与超/亚临界萃余液的乙醇提取物相比，SPE 萃余液中仍有相当数量的黄酮类化合物（114.48 mg/g 萃余液）。SMFE和SSE可以实现黄酮类化合物的高效提取，而萜类和黄酮类化合物的同步提取可以通过SPE和UAEE的两步顺序提取来实现。这些发现为蜂胶的有效提取提供了坚实的理论基础。