Climate warming threatens the structure and function of shallow lakes, not least those in the Mediterranean climate. We used a space-for-time substitution approach to assess the response of trophic and community structures as well as the richness and evenness of multiple trophic levels to temperature, hydrological, and nutrient constraints. We selected 41 lakes covering wide climatic, hydrological, and nutrient gradients within a short distance for reducing the effect of biogeographical factors in the western Anatolian plateau of Turkey. Generalized linear model analyses revealed that temperature was overall the most important driving variable, followed by total nitrogen (TN) and salinity. The chlorophyll a:total phosphorus ratio, the cyanobacteria:total phytoplankton biovolume ratio, the fish:zooplankton biomass ratio, the proportion of small fish, and fish richness increased with increasing temperature, whereas macrophyte plant volume inhabited (PVI, %), richness, and evenness decreased. Grazing pressure, macrophyte coverage, piscivore biomass, phytoplankton richness, and evenness decreased significantly with both increasing TN and temperature. Temperature and nutrients also separated the northern highland lakes from other lakes in a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, salinity reduced richness and evenness of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Our results indicate major changes in lake structure and functioning with warming and eutrophication, and highlight the need for strict control of nutrients and water use.

气候变暖威胁着浅湖的结构和功能，特别是在地中海气候中。我们使用了时空替代方法来评估营养层和群落结构的响应，以及多个营养层对温度，水文和养分约束的丰富度和均匀度。我们选择了41个湖泊，在短距离内覆盖了宽广的气候，水文和养分梯度，以减少土耳其安那托利亚高原西部地区生物地理因素的影响。广义线性模型分析表明，温度总体上是最重要的驱动变量，其次是总氮（TN）和盐度。叶绿素a：总磷比，蓝细菌：总浮游植物生物量比，鱼：浮游生物的生物量比，小鱼的比例和鱼的丰富度随温度升高而增加，而大型植物的栖息量（PVI，％），丰富度和均匀度降低。随着总氮和温度的升高，放牧压力，大型植物覆盖度，食草动物生物量，浮游植物的丰富度和均匀度均显着降低。在非度量多维尺度分析中，温度和养分也将北部高原湖泊与其他湖泊分隔开。另外，盐度降低了浮游植物和浮游动物的丰富度和均匀度。我们的结果表明，湖泊结构和功能随着变暖和富营养化而发生了重大变化，并强调了严格控制养分和用水的必要性。