Abstract In this investigation, time-dependent carbon nanostructures were prepared by high-energy ball milling in the air from elemental graphite powders. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterized the ball-milled powders. XRD analysis showed that the crystal size decreased with the milling time. Raman spectra confirmed the presence of carbon nanostructures with sp2 hybridization. Meanwhile, HRTEM images revealed different carbon morphologies during the milling time. During the different stages, it appears distortion of layers, large tapes, polyhedral morphologies, nanocapsules, and nano-onions. These carbon nanostructures occur in regions where there is carbon accumulation. In this way, the ball milling process in air conditions can promote distorted carbon and different morphologies.

中文翻译：

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在空气中机械研磨过程中通过石墨变形合成碳纳米结构

摘要 在这项研究中，通过在空气中高能球磨从元素石墨粉末制备了随时间变化的碳纳米结构。扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、拉曼光谱 (RS) 和高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM) 对球磨粉末进行了表征。XRD 分析表明晶体尺寸随着球磨时间的延长而减小。拉曼光谱证实了具有 sp2 杂化的碳纳米结构的存在。同时，HRTEM 图像显示了研磨过程中不同的碳形态。在不同的阶段，它出现层、大带、多面体形态、纳米胶囊和纳米洋葱的变形。这些碳纳米结构出现在有碳积累的区域。这样，