ABSTRACT Flight calls, the quiet calls emitted by migratory birds on the wing, offer opportunities to understand the behaviour of birds during migration. We test the effectiveness of an eight-element microphone array for three-dimensional triangulation of the position of calling migratory birds. We constructed a microphone array out of commercially available components and used freely available software to process the recordings, so that this technology might be easily adopted for migration monitoring. In the Great Lakes region of North America, we triangulated the position of loudspeakers broadcasting synthetic tones and flight calls, as well as calls of actual passing migrants. Loudspeakers broadcasting synthetic tones showed a triangulation accuracy of 1.52 ± 0.34 m. Loudspeakers broadcasting flight calls of migratory wood-warblers showed a triangulation accuracy of 2.04 ± 0.37 m. Actual migratory warblers passing over the microphone array showed an estimated accuracy of 2.70 ± 0.48 m. We conclude that wireless microphone arrays accurately triangulate migrant birds, at least under optimal recording conditions. We present this proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the reliability of this underutilized technique which should be of interest as a tool for studying migratory bird behaviour, for quantifying migratory bird populations, and for monitoring the conservation of migratory birds.

中文翻译：

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用无线麦克风阵列确定飞行鸣禽的位置：翅膀上莺的三维三角测量

摘要 飞行叫声是候鸟在机翼上发出的安静叫声，为了解鸟类在迁徙过程中的行为提供了机会。我们测试了八单元麦克风阵列对候鸟鸣叫位置的三维三角测量的有效性。我们用市售的组件构建了一个麦克风阵列，并使用免费提供的软件来处理录音，以便可以轻松地采用该技术进行迁移监测。在北美五大湖地区，我们对广播合成音和飞行呼叫的扬声器以及实际经过的移民呼叫的扬声器的位置进行了三角测量。播放合成音的扬声器的三角测量精度为 1.52 ± 0.34 m。广播迁徙林莺飞行呼叫的扬声器显示三角测量精度为 2.04 ± 0.37 m。通过麦克风阵列的实际迁徙莺显示估计精度为 2.70 ± 0.48 m。我们得出结论，至少在最佳录音条件下，无线麦克风阵列可以准确地三角测量候鸟。我们提出这项概念验证研究，以证明这种未充分利用的技术的可靠性，该技术应该作为研究候鸟行为、量化候鸟种群和监测候鸟保护的工具而引起人们的兴趣。至少在最佳记录条件下。我们提出这项概念验证研究，以证明这种未充分利用的技术的可靠性，该技术应该作为研究候鸟行为、量化候鸟种群和监测候鸟保护的工具而引起人们的兴趣。至少在最佳记录条件下。我们提出这项概念验证研究，以证明这种未充分利用的技术的可靠性，该技术应该作为研究候鸟行为、量化候鸟种群和监测候鸟保护的工具而引起人们的兴趣。