For vadose zone studies, it is essential to characterize the soil heterogeneity. However, manual soil coring is time consuming and lacks spatial coverage. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has a high potential to map these parameters. However, with conventional common‐offset profile (COP) measurements, soil layer changes are only detected as a function of time, and no exact determination of velocities, and thus permittivity, is possible. For velocity estimation, time‐consuming point‐scale common midpoint (CMP) or wide‐angle reflection and refraction (WARR) measurements are necessary. Recently, a novel simultaneous multi‐offset multichannel (SiMoc) GPR system was released, enabling rapid profiling with virtually continuous acquisition of WARR gathers. For this system, we developed a new processing approach. First, time shifts caused by the different cables and receivers were eliminated by a novel calibration method. In the obtained CMP gathers, groundwave and (when present) reflection velocities were determined with an automated semblance approach. The obtained velocity can be converted to permittivity and soil water content. We tested SiMoc GPR with a synthetic study and time‐lapse field measurements. In the synthetic study, the accuracy of velocity and layer thickness were within 0.02 m ns⁻¹ and 2 cm. The SiMoc field results (spatial sampling of 5 cm) are consistent with coarse sampled single‐channel data (spatial sampling of 10 m). Soil water content changes over the different measurement days were in agreement with nearby installed sensors (one per hectare). Overall, SiMoc GPR is a powerful tool for fast imaging of spatially highly resolved permittivity, and soil water content at a large scale.

中文翻译：

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同步多通道多偏移地面穿透雷达测量以表征土壤

对于渗流带研究，表征土壤异质性至关重要。然而，手动土壤取芯是费时的并且缺乏空间覆盖。探地雷达（GPR）具有绘制这些参数的巨大潜力。但是，使用常规的通用偏移轮廓（COP）测量时，只能根据时间来检测土层变化，而无法精确确定速度以及介电常数。对于速度估计，需要耗时的点标度公共中点（CMP）或广角反射和折射（WARR）测量。最近，发布了一种新颖的同时多偏移多通道（SiMoc）GPR系统，可通过几乎连续采集WARR采集数据进行快速分析。对于此系统，我们开发了一种新的处理方法。第一，通过新颖的校准方法消除了由不同电缆和接收器引起的时移。在获得的CMP道集中，采用自动相似方法确定地波和反射速度（如果存在）。所获得的速度可以转换为介电常数和土壤含水量。我们通过综合研究和时移现场测量测试了SiMoc GPR。在综合研究中，速度和层厚度的精度在0.02 m ns之内^-1和2厘米。SiMoc场结果（5 cm的空间采样）与粗采样的单通道数据（10 m的空间采样）一致。在不同的测量天中，土壤含水量的变化与附近安装的传感器一致（每公顷一个）。总体而言，SiMoc GPR是一种功能强大的工具，可以对空间上高度解析的介电常数和土壤含水量进行快速成像。