Evaporation from undulating soil surfaces is rarely studied due to limited modeling theory and inadequate experimental data linking dynamic soil and atmospheric interactions. The goal of this paper is to provide exploratory insights into evaporation behavior from undulating soil surfaces under turbulent conditions through numerical and experimental approaches. A previously developed and verified coupled free flow and porous media flow model was extended by incorporating turbulent airflow through Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The model explicitly describes the relevant physical processes and the key properties in the free flow, porous media, and at the interface, allowing for the analysis of coupled exchange fluxes. An experiment aiming to simultaneously collect the data of the boundary layer and soil evaporation in the area around the soil–atmosphere interface was conducted using a wind tunnel integrated with a soil tank. The turbulent boundary layer above the undulating soil surface was captured using high‐resolution hot‐wire anemometry, confirming the presence of recirculation zones in the undulating valleys and locally low evaporative flux. Experimental data were used to validate the extended model, and modeling results demonstrate that turbulent airflow enhances evaporation and shortens the duration of Stage I. The surface geometry significantly affects the local evaporative flux by influencing the vapor distribution, concentration gradient, and water availability at the soil surface, especially when recirculation zones form in the valleys. As a joint result of turbulence and surface undulations, the influence of wind speed on both the local and system‐level evaporation rate is restricted.

中文翻译：

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通过数值和实验方法在湍流气流下从起伏的土壤表面蒸发

由于有限的建模理论以及将动态土壤与大气相互作用联系在一起的实验数据不足，很少研究起伏的土壤表面的蒸发。本文的目的是通过数值和实验方法，为在湍流条件下起伏的土壤表面提供蒸发行为的探索性见解。通过利用雷诺平均Navier–Stokes方程合并湍流，扩展了先前开发和验证的自由流与多孔介质的耦合模型。该模型明确描述了自由流动，多孔介质以及界面处的相关物理过程和关键特性，从而可以分析耦合的交换通量。使用集成了土壤罐的风洞进行了一项旨在同时收集边界层和土壤-大气界面周围区域土壤蒸发数据的实验。使用高分辨率热线风速仪捕获了起伏的土壤表面上方的湍流边界层，证实了起伏的山谷中存在回流带，并且局部蒸发通量较低。实验数据用于验证扩展模型，建模结果表明湍流增强了蒸发并缩短了阶段I的持续时间。表面几何形状通过影响水汽分布，浓度梯度和水的可利用性显着影响局部蒸发通量。土壤表面，尤其是在山谷中形成回流区时。