The chemical and mineralogical characterization of seven ceramic fragments produced within Tiwanaku state (c.500–1000 ce) is reported. The instrumental techniques used included X‐ray elemental and mineralogical chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning and light microscopy. The results indicate there are several clay types, although they show similarities, such as the use of a plant‐based temper. The red colour of the decoration is hematite, and manganese oxides such as jacobsite are present in the black. The white colour is a mixture of gypsum and clay, and the orange is a mixture of hematite and clay. The use of colours, the quality of the clays and the temperatures reached during pottery firing point to expertise in ceramic production and to complex decision‐making processes. The multi‐elemental archaeometric approach documented here could become an important tool to shed a light on ancient ceramic technology and the internal variance of Tiwanaku pottery.

中文翻译：

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蒂瓦纳库邦（约500–1000 ce）陶瓷生产的考古分析：一项探索性研究

的蒂瓦纳科状态内产生了7个陶瓷碎片的化学和矿物学性质（Ç .500-1000  CE）被报告。使用的仪器技术包括X射线元素和矿物化学分析，拉曼光谱以及扫描和光学显微镜。结果表明，尽管它们显示出相似性，但还是有几种粘土类型，例如使用基于植物的回火。装饰的红色是赤铁矿，黑色的锰氧化物，如菱锰矿。白色是石膏和粘土的混合物，橙色是赤铁矿和粘土的混合物。颜色的使用，陶土的质量以及陶器烧制过程中达到的温度都表明了陶瓷生产的专业知识和复杂的决策过程。