The main aspects that require attention in tunnel design in terms of safety and economy are the precise estimation of probable ground conditions and ground behavior during construction. The variation in rock mass behavior due to tunnel excavation sequence plays an important role during the construction stage. The purpose of this research is to numerically evaluate the effect of excavation sequence on the ground behavior for the Lowari tunnel project, Pakistan. For the tunnel stability, the ground behavior observed during the actual partial face excavation sequence is compared with the top heading and bench excavation sequence. For this purpose, the intact rock parameters are used along with the characterization of rock mass joints related parameters to provide input for numerical modelling via FLAC 2D. The in-situ stresses for the numerical modelling are obtained using empirical equations. From the comparison of the two excavation sequences, it was observed that the actual excavation sequence used for Lowari tunnel construction utilized more support than the top heading and bench method. However, the actual excavation sequence provided good results in terms of stability.

在安全性和经济性方面，隧道设计中需要注意的主要方面是对施工期间可能的地面条件和地面行为的精确估计。隧道开挖顺序引起的岩体行为变化在施工阶段起着重要作用。这项研究的目的是对巴基斯坦洛瓦里隧道项目的开挖顺序对地面行为的影响进行数值评估。为了保证隧道的稳定性，将实际的部分工作面开挖过程中观察到的地面行为与顶部掘进和台阶开挖过程进行了比较。为此，完整的岩石参数与岩体节理的相关参数一起使用，可为通过FLAC 2D进行数值建模提供输入。使用经验方程式获得用于数值建模的原位应力。从两个开挖顺序的比较中可以看出，用于Lowari隧道施工的实际开挖顺序比顶部掘进和台阶法使用的支撑更多。但是，实际的开挖顺序在稳定性方面提供了良好的结果。