Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWASNs) connect the resources available in oceans to the rest of the world. The network has a huge amount of sensors which are sparsely deployed and are interconnected to collect information for the applications like target tracking, marine life monitoring, surveillance, and civilian applications. To get meaningful information from the data collected by this network, we have to know the spatial information of the sensor nodes. The procedure to determine the location of the sensors is called localization. Localization in UWASNs is a challenging task due to harsh environmental conditions. A large number of solution for localization in terrestrial networks but the solutions cannot be applied to UWASNs due to the different environmental conditions. Our major goal in this survey is to discuss various localization Schemes that are developed for UWASNs. The schemes are categorized into two types: Centralized and Distributed localization algorithms and they are further subdivided into three categories Stationary, Mobile and Hybrid localization schemes. Our contribution in this survey focused on various aspects of localization algorithms fundamental, discussion to the classification of localization schemes based on range-based and range-free techniques. We have discussed USP, DNRL, NLA, DV-HOP, LSHL, LSLS, UDB, LDB, SLMP, 3DUL, 3d-MASL, TSL, AAL, PL etc. localization schemes for UWASNs. These schemes are compared based on localization accuracy, communication cost, and localization success performance metrics. The highest 100% localization success achieved by 3D-MASL, UDB, and TSL schemes. LSLS, and DNRL schemes achieves highest localization accuracy. The LDB and UDB are the most energy efficient localization schemes as they need only two messages to localize one sensor node. The AAL scheme achieved the highest communication cost 9 messages per localized node. Finally, we have concluded our review with various open research issues and challenges related to the localization in UWASNs. We firmly believe that our survey will help new researchers to explore the localization methodology for UWASNs.

水下声传感器网络（UWASN）将海洋中的可用资源连接到世界其他地区。该网络具有大量的传感器，这些传感器稀疏部署且相互连接以收集信息，以用于目标跟踪，海洋生物监控，监视和民用等应用。为了从该网络收集的数据中获取有意义的信息，我们必须知道传感器节点的空间信息。确定传感器位置的过程称为定位。由于恶劣的环境条件，UWASN的本地化是一项艰巨的任务。大量用于陆地网络中本地化的解决方案，但是由于环境条件不同，该解决方案无法应用于UWASN。我们本次调查的主要目标是讨论为UWASN开发的各种本地化方案。这些方案分为两类：集中式和分布式本地化算法，它们又细分为三类：固定，移动和混合本地化方案。我们在这项调查中的贡献集中在本地化算法基础的各个方面，讨论了基于基于范围和无范围技术的本地化方案的分类。我们已经讨论了UWASN的USP，DNRL，NLA，DV-HOP，LSHL，LSLS，UDB，LDB，SLMP，3DUL，3d-MASL，TSL，AAL，PL等本地化方案。根据本地化准确性，通信成本和本地化成功性能指标对这些方案进行比较。3D-MASL，UDB和TSL方案实现的本地化成功率最高，为100％。LSLS，DNRL方案可实现最高的定位精度。LDB和UDB是最节能的本地化方案，因为它们仅需要两条消息即可对一个传感器节点进行本地化。AAL方案实现了每个本地节点9条消息的最高通信成本。最后，我们以与UWASN本地化相关的各种开放研究问题和挑战结束了我们的综述。我们坚信我们的调查将帮助新研究人员探索UWASN的本地化方法。我们以各种开放研究问题和与UWASN本地化有关的挑战结束了我们的评论。我们坚信我们的调查将帮助新研究人员探索UWASN的本地化方法。我们以各种开放研究问题和与UWASN本地化有关的挑战结束了我们的评论。我们坚信我们的调查将帮助新研究人员探索UWASN的本地化方法。