OBJECTIVE Childhood- and adolescent-onset epilepsy may have a significant impact on long-term educational and vocational status, which in turn has consequences for individuals' socioeconomic status. We estimated the factual long-term socioeconomic consequences and healthcare costs of individuals with diagnosed epilepsy. METHODS The prospective cohort study included Danish individuals with epilepsy onset before the age of 18 years, diagnosed between 2002 and 2016. Healthcare costs and socioeconomic data were obtained from nationwide administrative and health registers. The prediction was made with a general estimating equation (GEE). A total of 15,329 individuals were found with the diagnosis during this period and were followed until the age of 30 years. These were compared with 31,414 controls. We used 30 years as this represent an age where most has finalized their education, and as such represent the final educational level. Patients and their controls were subdivided into debut age groups of 0-5 and 6-18 years. Individuals were matched for age, gender, and residential location. RESULTS Compared with control groups, patients with epilepsy at the age of 30 years tended to have the following: 1) parents with lower educational attainment; 2) a significantly lower educational level when controlling for parental education attainment; 3) lower grade-point averages; 4) a lower probability of being in employment and lower income, even when transfer payments were considered; and 5) elevated healthcare costs, including those for psychiatric care. It was also noted that the long-term educational consequences for patients with epilepsy were associated with parental educational level. Differences were more pronounced for those with early (0-5 years) rather than later (6-18 years) onset epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy is associated with severe long-term socioeconomic consequences: lower educational level, school grades, employment status, and earned income. The presence of epilepsy is associated with parental educational level. LIMITATIONS SIGNIFICANT OUTCOMES.

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年癫痫发作的长期就业、教育和医疗保健费用

目标 儿童和青少年发作的癫痫可能对长期的教育和职业地位产生重大影响，进而对个人的社会经济地位产生影响。我们估计了确诊癫痫患者的实际长期社会经济后果和医疗保健费用。方法 前瞻性队列研究包括丹麦 18 岁之前发病、在 2002 年至 2016 年间确诊的癫痫患者。医疗费用和社会经济数据来自全国行政和健康登记册。该预测是使用一般估计方程 (GEE) 进行的。在此期间，共有 15,329 名确诊患者被发现，并被追踪至 30 岁。这些与 31,414 名对照进行了比较。我们使用了 30 岁，因为这代表了大多数人完成教育的年龄，因此代表了最终的教育水平。患者及其对照组被细分为 0-5 岁和 6-18 岁的首次亮相年龄组。个人在年龄、性别和居住地点方面进行了匹配。结果 与对照组相比，30岁以下癫痫患者有以下倾向：1）父母文化程度较低；2）控制父母受教育程度时，受教育程度明显偏低；3) 较低的平均绩点；4) 就业和收入较低的可能性较低，即使考虑了转移支付；5) 医疗保健费用上涨，包括精神科护理费用。还注意到癫痫患者的长期教育后果与父母的教育水平有关。早发（0-5 岁）而非晚发（6-18 岁）癫痫患者的差异更为明显。结论 癫痫与严重的长期社会经济后果相关：较低的教育水平、学校成绩、就业状况和收入。癫痫的存在与父母的教育水平有关。局限性 显着的结果。癫痫的存在与父母的教育水平有关。局限性 显着的结果。癫痫的存在与父母的教育水平有关。局限性 显着的结果。