This paper derives from first principles simple relationships that can be used to compute energy requirements for the production of hot metal (pig iron) in a blast furnace (BF) or direct reduced iron (DRI) in a direct reduction furnace (DRF), and the transformation of hot metal and DRI into crude steel in a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or electric arc furnace (EAF) with the addition of scrap iron or scrap steel of varying purity. These relationships account for the impact of changing iron ore grade, in the amount and type of impurities in iron, and the impact of the addition of fluxes and the production of slag. Changing proportions of hot metal and scrap to the BOF, or of DRI and scrap to the EAF, are accounted for. The energy flow analysis presented here, combined with the mass flow analysis presented in a companion paper, provides a foundation for tracking the impact on energy use and iron losses of alternative pathways that might be used in the future as part of a broad-based effort to reduce energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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用可用于开发未来能源情景的汇总方程分析钢铁生产的理论和实际能源需求

本文从第一原理得出简单关系，可用于计算在高炉（BF）中生产铁水（生铁）或在直接还原炉（DRF）中生产直接还原铁（DRI）的能源需求，以及在碱性氧气炉（BOF）或电弧炉（EAF）中将铁水和DRI转化为粗钢，并添加不同纯度的废铁或废钢。这些关系说明了铁矿石品位变化，铁中杂质的数量和类型的影响，以及助熔剂的添加和炉渣产生的影响。考虑到转炉中铁水和废料的比例变化或电炉电弧炉中DRI和废料的比例变化。此处提供的能量流分析与随附论文中提供的质量流分析相结合，

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