Bone is known to have a natural function to heal itself. However, if the bone damage is beyond a critical degree, intervention such as bone grafting may be imperative. In this work, the fabrication of a novel bone scaffold composed of natural bone components and polycaprolactone (PCL) using 3D printing is put forward. α1, 3-galactosyltransferase deficient pigs were used as the donor source of a xenograft. Decellularized porcine bone (DCB) with attenuated immunogenicity was used as the natural component of the scaffold with the aim to promote bone regeneration. The 3D printed DCB-PCL scaffolds combined essential advantages such as uniformity of the interconnected macropores and high porosity and enhanced compressive strength. The biological properties of the DCB-PCL scaffolds were evaluated by studying cell adhesion, viability, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic gene expression of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The in vitro results demonstrated that the DCB-PCL scaffolds exhibit an enhanced performance in promoting bone differentiation, which is correlated to the DCB content. Furthermore, critical-sized cranial rat defects were used to assess the effect of DCB-PCL scaffolds on bone regeneration in vivo. The results confirm that in comparison with PCL scaffolds, the DCB-PCL scaffolds can significantly improve new bone formation in cranial defects. Thus, the proposed 3D printed DCB-PCL scaffolds emerge as a promising regeneration alternative in the clinical treatment of large bone defects.

中文翻译：

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使用通过3D打印制造的减毒免疫原性异种复合支架重建骨的研究

众所周知，骨具有天然的功能可以自我修复。但是，如果骨骼损伤超出临界程度，则必须进行诸如植骨的干预。在这项工作中，提出了使用3D打印技术制造由天然骨成分和聚己内酯（PCL）组成的新型骨支架的方法。α1，3-半乳糖基转移酶缺陷型猪被用作异种移植的供体来源。具有减低的免疫原性的脱细胞猪骨（DCB）被用作支架的天然成分，目的是促进骨再生。3D打印的DCB-PCL支架结合了基本优点，例如互连的大孔的均匀性，高孔隙率和增强的抗压强度。通过研究细胞黏附力，生存力，骨髓间充质干细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性和成骨基因表达 体外结果表明，DCB-PCL支架在促进骨分化方面表现出增强的性能，这与DCB含量有关。此外，使用临界大小的颅骨大鼠缺损来评估DCB-PCL支架对体内骨再生的影响。结果证实，与PCL支架相比，DCB-PCL支架可以显着改善颅骨缺损中的新骨形成。因此，提出的3D打印DCB-PCL支架在大骨缺损的临床治疗中作为有希望的再生替代物出现。体外结果表明，DCB-PCL支架在促进骨分化方面表现出增强的性能，这与DCB含量有关。此外，使用临界大小的颅骨大鼠缺损来评估DCB-PCL支架对体内骨再生的影响。结果证实，与PCL支架相比，DCB-PCL支架可以显着改善颅骨缺损中的新骨形成。因此，提出的3D打印DCB-PCL支架在大骨缺损的临床治疗中作为有希望的再生替代物出现。体外结果表明，DCB-PCL支架在促进骨分化方面表现出增强的性能，这与DCB含量有关。此外，使用临界大小的颅骨大鼠缺损来评估DCB-PCL支架对体内骨再生的影响。结果证实，与PCL支架相比，DCB-PCL支架可以显着改善颅骨缺损中的新骨形成。因此，提出的3D打印DCB-PCL支架在大骨缺损的临床治疗中作为有希望的再生替代物出现。结果证实，与PCL支架相比，DCB-PCL支架可以显着改善颅骨缺损中的新骨形成。因此，提出的3D打印DCB-PCL支架在大骨缺损的临床治疗中作为有希望的再生替代物出现。结果证实，与PCL支架相比，DCB-PCL支架可以显着改善颅骨缺损中的新骨形成。因此，提出的3D打印DCB-PCL支架在大骨缺损的临床治疗中作为有希望的再生替代物出现。