Courtship and breeding behaviour of anurans is species-specific and defined by vocalisation, although breeding activities are still understudied for many species. Here, we describe the courtship behaviour and unpublished associated vocalisation (release and aggressive calls) of Rhinella ornata at a degraded area of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest within Xixová-Japuí State Park (PEXJ). Fifteen subjects distributed in five subgroups in the same lek-like systems were observed during two consecutive nights in September 2015, totalling eight fieldwork hours. A total of 79 vocalisations were analysed, and the behavioural sequence of activities carried out by the subjects was described. Results show a pattern regarding the behavioural sequence exhibited by males, starting with the arrival of the resident male at the calling site and its vocalisation to an intruder male. Although this sequence did not vary between the five observed groups, a slight difference in the time they started was reported, but with a narrow range. We also provided the first description of the release call for this species. The overall behavioural tactics of R. ornata to approach females seem uncommon among bufonids. Although further investigation is required to better understand additional aspects of the courtship and breeding behaviour of R. ornata, our findings improve the overall understanding of this species’ biology.

中文翻译：

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关于Rhinella ornata（Spix，1824）（Anura，Bufonidae）的求爱，繁殖行为和发声：在类似沥水的系统中标记明显的行为升级

尽管对许多物种仍未充分研究繁殖活动，但无脊椎动物的求爱和繁殖行为是特定于物种的，并且通过发声来定义。在这里，我们描述了Rinellla ornata的求爱行为和未公开的相关发声（释放和攻击性呼叫）位于Xixová-Japuí国家公园（PEXJ）内巴西大西洋雨林的退化地区。在2015年9月的连续两个晚上，共观察了15个对象，这些对象分布在相同的类沥水系统中的五个亚组中，总共进行了八个野外工作时间。总共分析了79个声音，并描述了受试者进行的活动的行为顺序。结果显示了有关雄性表现出的行为顺序的模式，从常驻雄性到达呼叫站点并发声到入侵者开始。尽管在五个观察组之间该序列没有变化，但是据报道它们开始的时间略有不同，但是范围很窄。我们还提供了该物种释放要求的第一个说明。的整体行为策略R.姬蛙对女性的做法似乎bufonids中屡见不鲜。虽然需要进一步研究，以更好地了解求爱的其它方面和繁殖行为R.姬蛙，我们的调查结果提高该物种的生物学的整体理解。