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Direct and Indirect Effects of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors on N2O-N Losses from Urea Fertilization to Winter Wheat in Southern Germany
Atmosphere ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-24 , DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080782
Yuncai Hu , Manuela P. Gaßner , Andreas Weber , Martine Schraml , Urs Schmidhalter

Urea (U) is the most important nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture worldwide, and as N fertilizer can result in large gaseous losses of NH3 and N2O. Thus, urease inhibitors (UIs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been coupled with U fertilizers to mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions. However, it is still unclear whether adding NIs and/or UIs to U stimulates other pollutants, while reducing one pollutant. Furthermore, part of the NH3 deposition to earth is converted to N2O, leading to indirect N2O emission. To estimate direct and indirect effect of UIs and NIs on the N2O-N and NH3-N losses from U; therefore, we analyzed multi-year field experiments from the same site during 2004 to 2005 and 2011 to 2013. The field experiments with U fertilization with or without UI (IPAT, N-isopropoxycarbonyl phosphoric acid triamide) and NI (DCD/TZ, Dicyandiamide/1H-1, 2, 4-Triazol) in winter wheat and with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) were conducted in southern Germany. Fluxes of NH3 or N2O emissions were determined following each split N fertilization in separate experiments on the same site. Our results showed that U with NIs considerably reduced N2O emissions, and adding UIs decreased NH3 emissions. However, the effect on N2O emissions exerted by (U + UIs) or (U + UIs + NIs) was inconsistent. In contrast to the treatment of (U + UIs + NIs), the addition of NIs alone to U stimulated NH3 emission compared to treatment with U. When 1% indirect N2O emission from NH3 (IPCC emission factor (EF4)) was considered to estimate the indirect N2O emission, total N2O emissions from (U + NIs) were approximately 29% compared to that from U alone and 36% compared to that from (U + UI), indicating that indirect N2O emission from NH3 induced by NIs may be negligible.

中文翻译:

脲酶和硝化抑制剂对德国南部冬小麦尿素施肥中N2O-N损失的直接和间接影响

尿素(Urea)是全球农业上最重要的氮(N)肥料,由于N肥料会导致大量的NH 3和N 2 O气态损失。因此,脲酶抑制剂(UIs)和硝化抑制剂(NIs)已成为与U肥一起减轻NH 3和N 2 O的排放。但是,目前尚不清楚在U中添加NI和/或UI是否会刺激其他污染物,同时减少一种污染物。此外,一部分沉积到地球上的NH 3转化为N 2 O,导致间接的N 2 O排放。估计UI和NI对N 2 O-N和NH 3的直接和间接影响-N来自U的损失;因此,我们分析了2004年至2005年以及2011年至2013年在同一地点进行的多年田间试验。使用或不使用UI(IPAT,N-异丙氧基羰基磷酸三酰胺)和NI(DCD / TZ,双氰胺)进行U施肥的田间试验在德国南部进行了冬小麦/ 1H-1、2,4-三唑的研究,并用硝酸铵钙(CAN)进行了研究。在同一地点的单独实验中,每次分割N施肥后,确定NH 3或N 2 O排放通量。我们的结果表明,带有NI的U大大减少了N 2 O排放,而添加UI则减少了NH 3排放。但是,对N 2的影响(U + UI)或(U + UI + NI)施加的O排放不一致。与(U + UIs + NIs)的处理相反,与使用U处理相比,向U中单独添加NIs会刺激NH 3排放。当NH 3间接排放N 2 O的百分比为1%(IPCC排放因子(EF4))考虑到估计了间接N 2 O排放,(U + NIs)的总N 2 O排放量与单独的U排放相比约为29%,与(U + UI)的排放相比约为36%,表明间接N 2 NI引起的NH 3的O排放可以忽略不计。
更新日期:2020-07-24
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