Innate chemical, but not visual, threat cues have been co-opted as unconditioned stimulus for social fear learning in zebrafish.,Genes, Brain and Behavior

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Innate chemical, but not visual, threat cues have been co-opted as unconditioned stimulus for social fear learning in zebrafish.
Genes, Brain and Behavior ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-23 , DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12688
Julia S Pinho _{1,

2} , Marisa Castilho ₃ , Joao S Sollari _{1,

4} , Rui F Oliveira _{1,

2,

5}

Affiliation

Animals can use social information to detect threat in the environment. In particular, social learning allows animals to learn about dangers without incurring in the costs of trial‐and‐error learning. In zebrafish, both chemical and visual social cues elicit an innate alarm response, which consists of erratic movement followed by freezing behavior. Injured zebrafish release an alarm substance from their skin that elicits the alarm response. Similarly, the sight of conspecifics displaying the alarm response can also elicit the expression of this response in observers. In this study, we investigated if these social cues of danger can also be used by zebrafish as unconditioned stimulus (US) in learning. We found that only the chemical cue was effective in the social fear conditioning. We suggest that this differential efficacy of social cues results from the fact that the alarm cue is a more reliable indicator of threat, than the sight of an alarmed conspecific. Therefore, although multiple social cues may elicit innate responses not all have been evolutionarily co‐opted to act as US in associative learning. Furthermore, the use of the expression of the immediate early genes as markers of neuronal activity showed that chemical social fear conditioning is paralleled by a differential activation of the olfactory bulbs and by a different pattern of functional connectivity across brain regions involved in olfactory processing.

中文翻译：

先天化学而非视觉威胁线索已被选为斑马鱼社交恐惧学习的无条件刺激。

动物可以使用社会信息来检测环境中的威胁。特别是，社会学习使动物能够了解危险，而不会产生反复试验学习的成本。在斑马鱼中，化学和视觉社会线索都会引起先天的警报反应，包括不稳定的运动，然后是冻结行为。受伤的斑马鱼从它们的皮肤中释放出一种引发警报反应的警报物质。类似地，显示警报反应的同种动物的视线也可以在观察者中引发这种反应的表达。在这项研究中，我们调查了这些危险的社会线索是否也可以被斑马鱼用作学习中的无条件刺激 (US)。我们发现只有化学线索在社交恐惧条件反射中有效。我们认为，社会线索的这种不同功效源于这样一个事实，即警报线索是比惊恐的同种动物更可靠的威胁指标。因此，虽然多种社会线索可能会引起先天反应，但并非所有的都在进化上被选为在联想学习中充当我们的角色。此外，使用即刻早期基因的表达作为神经元活动的标志物表明，化学社交恐惧条件与嗅球的差异激活和嗅觉处理所涉及的大脑区域的不同功能连接模式并行。尽管多种社会线索可能会引发先天反应，但并非所有的社会线索都在进化上被选为在联想学习中充当我们的角色。此外，使用即刻早期基因的表达作为神经元活动的标志物表明，化学社交恐惧条件与嗅球的差异激活和嗅觉处理所涉及的大脑区域的不同功能连接模式并行。尽管多种社会线索可能会引发先天反应，但并非所有的社会线索都在进化上被选为在联想学习中充当我们的角色。此外，使用即刻早期基因的表达作为神经元活动的标志物表明，化学社交恐惧条件与嗅球的差异激活和嗅觉处理所涉及的大脑区域的不同功能连接模式并行。

更新日期：2020-07-23

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