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Three decades of Canadian marine harmful algal events: Phytoplankton and phycotoxins of concern to human and ecosystem health
Harmful Algae ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101852
Cynthia H. McKenzie , Stephen S. Bates , Jennifer L. Martin , Nicola Haigh , Kimberly L. Howland , Nancy I. Lewis , Andrea Locke , Angelica Peña , Michel Poulin , André Rochon , Wade A. Rourke , Michael G. Scarratt , Michel Starr , Terri Wells

Spatial and temporal trends of marine harmful algal events in Canada over the last three decades were examined using data from the Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT). This database contains the most complete record of algal blooms, phycotoxins and shellfish harvesting area closures in Canada since 1987. This 30-year review of 593 Canadian HAEDAT records from 1988 to 2017, together with other Canadian data and publications, shows that recurring harmful algal events have been widespread throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions. The 367 paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) reports revealed annual and frequent recurrence throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, including multi-year PST events in the Bay of Fundy, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Georgia. The 70 amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) records revealed no recognizable trend, as these events were usually area specific and did not recur annually. The increasing frequency of diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST) events over the period of this review, in total 59 records, can be at least partially explained by increased sampling effort. Marine species mortalities caused by harmful algae (including diatoms, dictyochophytes, dinoflagellates, and raphidophytes), were a common occurrence in the Pacific region (87 reports), but have been reported much less frequently in the Atlantic region (10 reports). Notable Canadian records contained in HAEDAT include the first detection worldwide of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), attributed to the production of domoic acid (an AST) by a diatom (Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries) in Prince Edward Island in 1987. The first proven case of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in Canada and North America was recorded in 1990, and the first closures of shellfish harvesting due to DST (associated with the presence of Dinophysis norvegica) occurred in Nova Scotia in 1992, followed by closures in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1993. In 2008, mass mortalities of fishes, birds and mammals in the St. Lawrence Estuary were caused by Alexandrium catenella and high levels of PST. During 2015, the Pacific coast experienced a large algal bloom that extended from California to Alaska. It resulted in the closure of several shellfish harvesting areas in British Columbia due to AST, produced by Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Data from the Canadian Arctic coast is not included in HAEDAT. However, because of the emerging importance of climate change and increased vessel traffic in the Arctic, information on the occurrence of harmful algal species (pelagic and sympagic = sea ice-associated) in that region was compiled from relevant literature and data. The results suggest that these taxa may be more widespread than previously thought in the Canadian Arctic. Information in HAEDAT was not always robust or complete enough to provide conclusions about temporal trends. Compilation of spatial and temporal information from HAEDAT and other records is nevertheless important for evaluating the potential role of harmful algae as a stressor on Canadian marine ecosystems, and will support the next step: developing a knowledge gap analysis that will establish research priorities for determining their consequences on human and ecosystem health.



中文翻译:

三十年来的加拿大海洋有害藻类事件:浮游植物和藻毒素对人类和生态系统健康至关重要

使用来自有害藻类事件数据库(HAEDAT)的数据检查了过去三十年来加拿大海洋有害藻类事件的时空趋势。该数据库包含自1987年以来加拿大藻类繁殖,藻毒素和贝类捕捞区域关闭的最完整记录。对1988年至2017年加拿大593份HAEDAT记录进行的30年回顾以及其他加拿大数据和出版物显示,有害藻类反复发生大西洋和太平洋沿岸地区都发生了许多事件。367份麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)报告显示,整个大西洋和太平洋地区每年都有经常性复发,包括芬迪湾,河口和圣劳伦斯湾和乔治亚海峡的多年期PST事件。70例遗忘性贝类毒素(AST)记录未显示可识别的趋势,因为这些事件通常是特定于区域的,并且每年都不会发生。总共59条记录,在本报告所述期间,腹泻性贝类毒素(DST)事件的发生频率增加,至少可以通过增加抽样工作来部分解释。由有害藻类(包括硅藻,双歧藻,鞭毛藻和斜纹藻)引起的海洋物种死亡是太平洋地区常见的事件(87份报告),但在大西洋地区却很少见(10份报告)。HAEDAT中包含的加拿大著名记录包括全世界范围内首次检测到健忘性贝类中毒(ASP),这归因于硅藻产生了海藻酸(AST)。因为这些事件通常是特定于区域的,并且每年都不会发生。总共59条记录,在本报告所述期间,腹泻性贝类毒素(DST)事件的发生频率增加,至少可以通过增加抽样工作来部分解释。由有害藻类(包括硅藻,双歧藻,鞭毛藻和斜纹藻)引起的海洋物种死亡是太平洋地区常见的事件(87份报告),但在大西洋地区却很少见(10份报告)。HAEDAT中包含的加拿大著名记录包括全世界范围内首次检测到健忘性贝类中毒(ASP),这归因于硅藻产生了海藻酸(AST)。因为这些事件通常是特定于区域的,并且每年都不会发生。总共59条记录,在本报告所述期间,腹泻性贝类毒素(DST)事件的发生频率增加,至少可以通过增加抽样工作来部分解释。由有害藻类(包括硅藻,双歧藻,鞭毛藻和斜纹藻)引起的海洋物种死亡是太平洋地区常见的事件(87份报告),但在大西洋地区却很少见(10份报告)。HAEDAT中包含的加拿大著名记录包括全世界范围内首次检测到健忘性贝类中毒(ASP),这归因于硅藻产生了海藻酸(AST)。至少可以通过增加抽样工作来部分解释。由有害藻类(包括硅藻,双歧藻,鞭毛藻和斜纹藻)引起的海洋物种死亡是太平洋地区常见的事件(87份报告),但在大西洋地区却很少见(10份报告)。HAEDAT中包含的加拿大著名记录包括全世界范围内首次检测到健忘性贝类中毒(ASP),这归因于硅藻产生了海藻酸(AST)。至少可以通过增加抽样工作来部分解释。有害藻类(包括硅藻,双歧藻,鞭毛藻和斜生藻)造成的海洋物种死亡是太平洋地区常见的事件(87次报告),但大西洋地区的报道却不那么频繁(10次报告)。HAEDAT中包含的加拿大著名记录包括全世界范围内首次检测到健忘性贝类中毒(ASP),这归因于硅藻产生了海藻酸(AST)。1987年在爱德华王子岛进行了假性假单胞菌研究。1990年记录了加拿大和北美首例经证实的腹泻性贝类中毒(DSP)病例,由于DST导致贝类捕捞首次关闭(与Dinophysis的存在相关)norvegica)于1993年发生在新斯科舍省于1992年,随后在纽芬兰和拉布拉多关闭2008年,鱼类,鸟类和哺乳动物在圣劳伦斯河河口的大量死亡是由引起的链状亚历山大藻和高水平的PST的。2015年期间,太平洋沿岸经历了海藻大量繁殖,从加利福尼亚州延伸到阿拉斯加。这导致了在不列颠哥伦比亚省由于AST几个贝类养殖区的关闭,所产拟菱形藻芦苇。HAEDAT不包括来自加拿大北极海岸的数据。但是,由于气候变化的重要性和北极地区日益增长的船只通行性,因此从相关文献和数据中收集了该地区有害藻类(浮游和共生=与海冰有关)的发生信息。结果表明,这些分类群可能比加拿大北极地区以前认为的更为广泛。HAEDAT中的信息并不总是足够强大或完整,无法提供有关时间趋势的结论。但是,从HAEDAT和其他记录中收集时空信息对于评估有害藻类作为加拿大海洋生态系统压力源的潜在作用至关重要,并将支持下一步工作:

更新日期:2020-07-24
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