In some countries, snakes are important protein sources in human diets, and their economic value depends predominantly on their muscle production, including in the king ratsnake (Elaphe carinata). Muscle growth in the king ratsnake clearly differs among individuals. To date, few potential molecular mechanisms underlying these differences in muscle growth and development have been reported. Here, we integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profiles to screen for genes, pathways, and predicted miRNA–mRNA networks associated with muscle growth and development in fast-growing and slow-growing King ratsnakes. Six hundred eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 48 of which were associated with muscle growth. The 37 genes upregulated in fast-growing individuals (FGIs) may be related to the promotion of muscle growth, whereas the 11 upregulated genes in slow-growing individuals (SGIs) may be related to the inhibition of muscle growth. Seven DEGs were enriched in the PI3K–AKT–MTOR signaling pathway, which appears to promote muscle growth in FGIs. Eleven DEGs were enriched in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, which appears to inhibit muscle growth in SGIs. It may interpret why muscle growth differences. Furthermore, 698 miRNA were identified, including 125 novel miRNAs. 63 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs) were screened, and 950 negative miRNA-mRNA interactions with the 63 DEMs and 608 DEGs were predicted. The miRNA-targeted genes were enriched in pathways related to muscle growth, protein synthesis, and protein degradation. Therefore, in addition to the identified DEGs, miRNAs may play important roles in the differential regulation of muscle growth in FGIs and SGIs of the king ratsnake.

在某些国家/地区，蛇是人类饮食中重要的蛋白质来源，其经济价值主要取决于其肌肉的产生，包括在响尾蛇（Elaphe carinata）中）。国王响尾蛇的肌肉生长明显因人而异。迄今为止，几乎没有报道潜在的分子机制在这些肌肉生长和发育上的差异。在这里，我们整合了mRNA和miRNA表达谱，以筛选与快速生长和缓慢生长的King ratnakes肌肉生长和发育相关的基因，途径和预测的miRNA-mRNA网络。鉴定出了六百八十八个差异表达基因（DEG），其中有48个与肌肉生长有关。在快速增长的个体（FGI）中上调的37个基因可能与促进肌肉生长有关，而在慢速增长的个体（SGIs）中11个上调的基因可能与抑制肌肉生长有关。PI3K–AKT–MTOR信号通路中富集了七个DEG，这似乎促进了FGI中的肌肉生长。11个DEG富含泛素-蛋白酶体途径，这似乎抑制了SGI中的肌肉生长。它可以解释为什么肌肉生长不同。此外，鉴定了698个miRNA，包括125个新的miRNA。筛选了63个差异表达的miRNA（DEM），并预测了与63个DEM和608 DEG的950个阴性miRNA-mRNA相互作用。靶向miRNA的基因富含与肌肉生长，蛋白质合成和蛋白质降解有关的途径。因此，除了已鉴定的DEG外，miRNA可能在国王响尾蛇的FGI和SGI的肌肉生长的差异调节中起重要作用。它可以解释为什么肌肉生长不同。此外，鉴定了698个miRNA，包括125个新的miRNA。筛选了63个差异表达的miRNA（DEM），并预测了与63个DEM和608 DEG的950个阴性miRNA-mRNA相互作用。靶向miRNA的基因富含与肌肉生长，蛋白质合成和蛋白质降解有关的途径。因此，除了已鉴定的DEG外，miRNA可能在国王响尾蛇的FGI和SGI的肌肉生长的差异调节中起重要作用。它可以解释为什么肌肉生长不同。此外，鉴定了698个miRNA，包括125个新的miRNA。筛选了63个差异表达的miRNA（DEM），并预测了与63个DEM和608 DEG的950个阴性miRNA-mRNA相互作用。靶向miRNA的基因富含与肌肉生长，蛋白质合成和蛋白质降解有关的途径。因此，除了已鉴定的DEG外，miRNA可能在国王响尾蛇的FGI和SGI的肌肉生长的差异调节中起重要作用。蛋白质合成和蛋白质降解。因此，除了已鉴定的DEG外，miRNA可能在国王响尾蛇的FGI和SGI的肌肉生长的差异调节中起重要作用。蛋白质合成和蛋白质降解。因此，除了已鉴定的DEG外，miRNA可能在国王响尾蛇的FGI和SGI的肌肉生长的差异调节中起重要作用。