While it is likely that ENPs may occur together with other contaminants in nature, the combined effects of exposure to both ENPs and environmental contaminants are not studied sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the acute and sublethal toxicity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag⁺; administered as AgNO₃) to the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We further studied effects of single exposures to AgNPs (nominal concentrations: low 15 μg L⁻¹ NPL, high 150 μg L⁻¹ NPH) or Ag⁺ (60 μg L⁻¹), and effects of co-exposure to AgNPs, Ag⁺ and the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 100 μg L⁻¹) of a crude oil (AgNP + WSF; Ag⁺+WSF). The gene expression and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, CAT and GST, as well as the gene expression of HSP90 and CYP330A1 were determined as sublethal endpoints. Results show that Ag⁺ was more acutely toxic compared to AgNPs, with 96 h LC₅₀ concentrations of 403 μg L⁻¹ for AgNPs, and 147 μg L⁻¹ for Ag⁺. Organismal uptake of Ag following exposure was similar for AgNP and Ag⁺, and was not significantly different when co-exposed to WSF. Exposure to AgNPs alone caused increases in gene expressions of GST and SOD, whereas WSF exposure caused an induction in SOD. Responses in enzyme activities were generally low, with significant effects observed only on SOD activity in NPL and WSF exposures and on GST activity in NPL and NPH exposures. Combined AgNP and WSF exposures caused slightly altered responses in expression of SOD, GST and CYP330A1 genes compared to the single exposures of either AgNPs or WSF. However, there was no clear pattern of cumulative effects caused by co-exposures of AgNPs and WSF. The present study indicates that the exposure to AgNPs, Ag⁺, and to a lesser degree WSF cause an oxidative stress response in C. finmarchicus, which was slightly, but mostly not significantly altered in combined exposures. This indicated that the combined effects between Ag and WSF are relatively limited, at least with regard to oxidative stress.

虽然 ENP 很可能与自然界中的其他污染物一起出现，但尚未充分研究暴露于 ENP 和环境污染物的综合影响。在这项研究中，我们研究了 PVP 包覆的银纳米粒子 (AgNP) 和离子银 (Ag ⁺；以 AgNO ₃形式给药) 对海洋桡足类Calanus finmarchicus的急性和亚致死毒性。我们进一步研究了单次暴露于 AgNPs（标称浓度：低 15 μg L ^-1 NPL，高 150 μg L ^-1 NPH）或 Ag ⁺（60 μg L ^-1）的影响，以及共同暴露于 AgNPs、Ag 的影响⁺和水溶性部分 (WSF; 100 μg L ^-1) 的原油 (AgNP + WSF; Ag ⁺ +WSF)。抗氧化防御酶 SOD、CAT 和 GST 的基因表达和活性，以及​​ HSP90 和 CYP330A1 的基因表达被确定为亚致死终点。结果表明，与 AgNPs 相比，Ag ⁺的毒性更强，AgNPs 的 96 h LC ₅₀浓度为 403 μg L ^-1，Ag ⁺为147 μg L ^-1。AgNP 和 Ag ^{+暴露后对 Ag 的生物体吸收相似}，并且在共同暴露于 WSF 时没有显着差异。单独暴露于 AgNPs 会导致 GST 和 SOD 的基因表达增加，而 WSF 暴露会导致 SOD 的诱导。酶活性的反应通常较低，仅观察到 NPL 和 WSF 暴露中的 SOD 活性以及 NPL 和 NPH 暴露中的 GST 活性有显着影响。与 AgNPs 或 WSF 的单一暴露相比，AgNP 和 WSF 的联合暴露导致 SOD、GST 和 CYP330A1 基因表达的反应略有改变。然而，没有明确的由 AgNPs 和 WSF 共同暴露引起的累积效应模式。本研究表明，暴露于 AgNPs、Ag ⁺和较小程度的 WSF 会导致C. finmarchicus的氧化应激反应，这在组合曝光中略有变化，但大部分没有显着变化。这表明 Ag 和 WSF 之间的组合效应相对有限，至少在氧化应激方面是这样。