Chromium is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic metal originating from natural processes and anthropogenic activities such as the iron steel, electroplating and leather industries. Therefore, chromium should be removed from wastewater to avoid environmental pollution and to recycle chromium in the context of the future circular economy. Here we briefly review aqueous Cr species, their toxicity and methods to remove Cr such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology.

中文翻译：

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通过膜过滤，化学沉淀，离子交换，吸附电凝，电化学还原，电渗析，电去离子，光催化和纳米技术去除废水中的铬：综述

铬是一种潜在的有毒和致癌金属，源于自然过程和人为活动，例如钢铁，电镀和皮革工业。因此，应从废水中去除铬，以避免环境污染，并在未来的循环经济中回收铬。在这里，我们简要回顾一下含水铬的种类，其毒性以及去除铬的方法，例如膜过滤，化学沉淀，离子交换，吸附电凝，电化学还原，电渗析，电去离子，光催化和纳米技术。