The impact process of fuel drops on a solid dry surface under engine relevant conditions were studied using a numerical method based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The post-impingement properties (mass, velocity, and location) of the splashed secondary drops were analyzed. A drop/wall interaction model was developed on the basis of the SPH simulations. Numerical results show that the mass of the secondary drop will increase as the kinetic energy of the incident drop and surface temperature increase. For contact-splash, the radial location of the secondary drop increases linearly as the kinetic energy of the incident drop increases, while no clear trend was found for film-splash. The height of the secondary drop is also randomly distributed for both contact-splash and film-splash. The velocities of secondary drops will increase first and then decrease as the kinetic energy of the incident drop increases. The effects of impact angle on the impact outcomes were also characterized and incorporated into the model. It was found that the impact angle affects the distribution of the secondary drops. The proposed drop/wall interaction model derived from the present SPH study can be readily implemented for engine spray/wall impingement simulation.

中文翻译：

---

降落/壁相互作用模型在发动机工况中的应用

使用基于平滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）的数值方法，研究了发动机相关条件下燃料滴在固体干燥表面上的撞击过程。分析了飞溅的次级液滴的撞击后性质（质量，速度和位置）。在SPH仿真的基础上，开发了下落/墙相互作用模型。数值结果表明，次级液滴的质量将随着入射液滴的动能和表面温度的升高而增加。对于接触飞溅，次滴的径向位置随着入射滴的动能的增加而线性增加，而对于膜飞溅则没有明显的趋势。对于接触飞溅和膜飞溅，第二滴的高度也是随机分布的。次级液滴的速度将随着入射液滴的动能增加而先增大然后减小。还描述了冲击角对冲击结果的影响，并将其纳入模型。发现冲击角影响次级液滴的分布。从目前的SPH研究中得出的建议的滴/壁相互作用模型可以很容易地用于发动机喷雾/壁碰撞模拟。