We survey systematically the general parametrisations of particle-physics models for a first-order phase transition in the early universe, including models with polynomial potentials both with and without barriers at zero temperature, and Coleman-Weinberg-like models with potentials that are classically scale-invariant. We distinguish three possibilities for the transition - detonations, deflagrations and hybrids - and consider sound waves and turbulent mechanisms for generating gravitational waves during the transitions in these models, checking in each case the requirement for successful percolation. We argue that in models without a zero-temperature barrier and in scale-invariant models the period during which sound waves generate gravitational waves lasts only for a fraction of a Hubble time after a generic first-order cosmological phase transition, whereas it may last longer in some models with a zero-temperature barrier that feature severe supercooling. We illustrate the implications of these results for future gravitational-wave experiments.

中文翻译：

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来自一阶宇宙相变的引力波：声波源的寿命

我们系统地调查了早期宇宙中一阶相变的粒子物理模型的一般参数化，包括在零温度下具有和不具有势垒的多项式势模型，以及具有经典标度势的 Coleman-Weinberg 类模型-不变的。我们区分了过渡的三种可能性——爆炸、爆燃和混合——并考虑了在这些模型中的过渡过程中产生引力波的声波和湍流机制，在每种情况下检查成功渗透的要求。我们认为，在没有零温度屏障的模型和尺度不变模型中，声波产生引力波的周期在一般的一阶宇宙学相变后只持续哈勃时间的一小部分，而它可能会持续更长时间在一些具有零温度屏障的型号中，具有严重的过冷度。我们说明了这些结果对未来引力波实验的影响。