Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal. The current study investigated the organic chemical and metal additive content of ‘pristine’ and ‘weathered’ CRG and their seawater leachates, as well as uptake and effects of leachate exposure using marine copepods (Acartia and Calanus sp.). A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g., bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg–1 quantities of Zn and mg kg–1 quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co (metals), as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h. The smaller lipid-poor Acartia had a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-rich Calanus, indicating species-specific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.

中文翻译：

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汽车轮胎碎橡胶：在沿海海洋系统中，浸出会产生有毒的化学混合物吗？

由报废轮胎 (ELT) 生产的碎橡胶颗粒 (CRG) 通常用于合成草坪球场 (STP)、游乐场、安全表面和人行道。除了填料、稳定剂、交联剂和次要成分（例如颜料、油、树脂）外，ELT 还包含一系列其他有机化合物和重金属添加剂。虽然之前对 CRG 的环境影响研究侧重于陆地土壤和淡水生态系统，但在挪威应用 CRG 的许多地点都是沿海地区。目前的研究调查了“原始”和“风化”CRG 及其海水渗滤液的有机化学和金属添加剂含量，以及使用海洋桡足类动物（Acartia 和 Calanus sp.）对渗滤液暴露的吸收和影响。热解气相色谱质谱 (py-GC-MS) 与化学萃取和 GC-MS 分析相结合，揭示了原始和风化 CRG 的相似有机化学特征，包括苯并噻唑、N-1,3-二甲基丁基-N 等​​添加剂'-苯基-对苯二胺和一系列多环芳烃 (PAH) 和酚类化合物（例如双酚）。ICP-MS 分析显示 CRG 中的 Zn 量为 g kg-1，而 Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Cr、Pb 和 Ni 量为 mg kg-1。有机添加剂和金属的混合物很容易从 CRG 浸出到海水中，最丰富的浸出液成分是苯并噻唑和锌、铁、钴（金属），以及可检测水平的多环芳烃和酚类化合物。各个组分的浓度随 CRG 源材料和 CRG 与海水的比率而变化，但苯并噻唑和锌通常是渗滤液中浓度最高的有机和金属成分。虽然渗滤液中的有机化学物质浓度在几天内稳定下来，但金属在 30 天内继续渗出。暴露于高 CRG 渗滤液浓度的海洋桡足类动物在 48 小时内表现出高死亡率。较小的缺乏脂质的 Acartia 对渗滤液的敏感性高于较大的富含脂质的 Calanus，表明物种对渗滤液的脆弱性存在差异。在较低的渗滤液浓度下，对存活的影响得到缓解，表明存在剂量反应关系。苯并噻唑及其衍生物似乎令人担忧，因为它们已被证明具有毒性，