Global initiatives to recover degraded areas have intensified in recent years. However, the effectiveness of different reforestation practices in restoring habitat stability and essential resources for species over time is poorly known. We tested the degree of temporal stability of bee and wasp communities reestablishiment in different types of forest regeneration compared to intact primary forest in southern Amazonia. Using trap‐nest sampling, we collected, during 12 months, information about the nesting species in six different types of treatments: pastures, teak reforestation, fig and mixed native species, natural regeneration forest, and forest primary. We observed that in all reforested treatments, the abundance and richness of both bees and wasps were greater than in pasture sites. However, not all reforestation strategies had the same degree of effectiveness in maintaining the stability of bee and wasp communities over time than observed in primary forest communities. The high temporal variation in teak structure promoted high instability in bee and wasp communities over time. In contrast, reforestation using perennial species, such as fig or mixed species, resulted in a greater temporal stability of bee and wasp communities, although dissimilarity to primary forest remained high. Communities in natural regeneration were the most similar to primary forest, with high similarity of species composition and high temporal stability across seasons. Our findings suggest that reforestation strategies that promote increased complexity of vegetation structure, and better resemble “natural” forests in the provision of habitat resources throughout the year, will better restore and maintain communities through time.

中文翻译：

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亚马逊河东南部不同造林方式下的巢穴蜜蜂和黄蜂群落的时间稳定性

近年来，加强恢复退化地区的全球倡议已得到加强。然而，随着时间的流逝，不同的造林实践在恢复栖息地稳定性和物种必需资源方面的效果鲜为人知。与南部亚马逊地区完整的原始森林相比，我们测试了不同类型的森林更新中蜜蜂和黄蜂群落重建的时间稳定性。通过巢巢采样，我们在12个月中收集了六种不同处理方式中有关筑巢物种的信息：牧场，柚木造林，无花果和混合本地物种，天然更新森林和原始森林。我们观察到，在所有重新造林的处理方式中，蜜蜂和黄蜂的丰度和丰富度都比牧场高。然而，并非所有的植树造林策略在长期保持蜜蜂和黄蜂群落稳定性方面都具有与原始森林群落相同的效果。随着时间的推移，柚木结构的高时间变化促进了蜜蜂和黄蜂群落的高度不稳定性。相比之下，使用多年生树种（例如无花果树或混交树种）进行植树造林可提高蜜蜂和黄蜂群落的时间稳定性，尽管与原始森林的相似性仍然很高。自然更新的社区与原始森林最相似，物种组成的相似度很高，而且整个季节的时间稳定性也很高。我们的发现表明，重新造林策略可促进植被结构的复杂性，