Ecosystem transformation can be defined as the emergence of a self‐organizing, self‐sustaining, ecological or social–ecological system that deviates from prior ecosystem structure and function. These transformations are occurring across the globe; consequently, a static view of ecosystem processes is likely no longer sufficient for managing fish, wildlife, and other species. We present a framework that encompasses three strategies for fish and wildlife managers dealing with ecosystems vulnerable to transformation. Specifically, managers can resist change and strive to maintain existing ecosystem composition, structure, and function; accept transformation when it is not feasible to resist change or when changes are deemed socially acceptable; or direct change to a future ecosystem configuration that would yield desirable outcomes. Choice of a particular option likely hinges on anticipating future change, while also acknowledging that temporal and spatial scales, recent history and current state of the system, and magnitude of change can factor into the decision. This suite of management strategies can be implemented using a structured approach of learning and adapting as ecosystems change.

中文翻译：

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响应生态系统转型：抵抗，接受还是指导？

生态系统转型可以定义为与先前生态系统结构和功能不同的自组织，自我维持，生态或社会生态系统的出现。这些转变正在全球范围内发生。因此，对生态系统过程的静态了解可能不再足以管理鱼类，野生动植物和其他物种。我们提出了一个框架，其中包括鱼类和野生动植物管理者应对易变生态系统的三种策略。具体而言，管理者可以抵御变化，并努力维持现有的生态系统组成，结构和功能；接受变换时，它不是以抵抗变化可行或当改变被认为社会上可接受的; 或直接改变为可以产生理想结果的未来生态系统配置。选择一个特定的选项可能取决于预期的未来变化，同时还要认识到时间和空间尺度，系统的近期历史和当前状态以及变化的幅度可以影响决策。可以使用结构化的学习和适应生态系统变化的方法来实施这套管理策略。