Abstract Protected areas (PAs) are the most effective public policy instruments to protect natural ecosystems and the services these ecosystems provide. Nevertheless, several PAs present a funding deficit because governments allocate fewer financial resources than those required to cover PA management costs. The variation in funding deficits within countries is not well documented because information about PA public investments and management costs are seldom available. We describe the variation in funding deficits across Brazilian federal PAs and propose a model that explains such variation by using PAs' characteristics and their zones of influence as predictors. We estimated that the 282 Brazilian federal PAs needed US$ 468 million to cover their management costs in 2016. However, the Brazilian government allocated only 15.5 % of these costs. Approximately 76.5 % of the PAs had funding deficits. Our model showed that: (1) funding deficit is negatively associated with PA age and the human development index but positively associated with PA size, (2) PAs in the Atlantic Forest and the Savannas and Drylands have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Amazon, and (3) PAs in the Atlantic Forest have lower funding deficits than PAs in the Savannas and Drylands. We found that the proportion of PAs with a funding deficit in Brazil is high and is comparable to the high percentage of PAs (75 %–100 %) with a funding deficit found in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there is evidence that the total annual funding deficit in the Brazilian PAs increased in the last decade. New policies, public-private partnerships, and innovative funding mechanisms need to be set to close the large funding gap in the Brazilian federal PA system.

中文翻译：

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巴西保护区的资金短缺

摘要 保护区（PA）是保护自然生态系统及其提供的服务的最有效的公共政策工具。然而，由于政府分配的财政资源少于支付 PA 管理成本所需的资金，因此一些 PA 出现了资金短缺。国家内部资金赤字的变化没有得到很好的记录，因为很少有关于 PA 公共投资和管理成本的信息。我们描述了巴西联邦 PA 资金赤字的变化，并提出了一个模型，通过使用 PA 的特征及其影响区域作为预测因子来解释这种变化。我们估计 282 个巴西联邦保护区在 2016 年需要 4.68 亿美元来支付其管理成本。然而，巴西政府仅分配了这些成本的 15.5%。大约 76.5% 的保护区存在资金赤字。我们的模型表明：(1) 资金短缺与保护区年龄和人类发展指数呈负相关，但与保护区规模呈正相关，(2) 大西洋森林、热带草原和旱地的保护区的资金短缺低于亚马逊的保护区，以及 (3) 大西洋森林中的保护区的资金赤字低于热带草原和旱地的保护区。我们发现巴西资金短缺的保护区比例很高，与撒哈拉以南非洲资金短缺的保护区的高比例（75%–100%）相当。此外，有证据表明巴西保护区的年度总资金赤字在过去十年有所增加。新政策、公私伙伴关系、