Abstract Anthropogenic and climatic stressors have affected the forests of northern Pakistan in recent decades. Several studies have been conducted to understand forest growth and its relation to the changing climate in this region, but more work needs to be done to understand this complex environment. In this study, we have collected tree core samples of three conifer species (Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, and Abies pindrow) from three different sites in northern Pakistan to understand their radial growth pattern with the goal of finding a relationship between ring-width and climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, and drought). A 610-year (AD 1406 to 2015), a 538-year (AD 1478-2015), and a 306-year (AD 1710-2015) long tree-ring width chronology of Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, and Abies pindrow were developed, respectively, using living trees. The ring-width chronologies of these three species showed a strong positive link with the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) rather than precipitation or temperature alone, indicating that soil moisture is the primary limiting climatic factor for the growth of these species in the sampling locations. The chronologies of Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana exhibited growth suppressions during AD 1570-1610 and the second half of 17th century while their growth was heightened from AD 1540-1560. We have found the lowest growth in Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana from AD 1900 to 1920, suggesting dry conditions. All three chronologies have exhibited the most rapid increase in growth during the recent decades, suggesting that this region is experiencing climate change with a strong trend towards wetter conditions.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦北部三种针叶树年轮的干旱信号

摘要 近几十年来，人为和气候压力因素影响了巴基斯坦北部的森林。已经进行了几项研究以了解森林生长及其与该地区气候变化的关系，但需要做更多的工作来了解这种复杂的环境。在这项研究中，我们从巴基斯坦北部的三个不同地点收集了三种针叶树物种（松树、云杉和冷杉）的树芯样本，以了解它们的径向生长模式，目的是找到环宽和气候参数（温度、降水和干旱）。610 年（公元 1406 年至 2015 年）、538 年（公元 1478 年至 2015 年）和 306 年（公元 1710 年至 2015 年）长的树轮宽度年表，这些年轮宽度的松树、云杉和冷杉分别开发了 使用活树。这三个物种的环宽年表与自校准的帕尔默干旱严重程度指数 (scPDSI) 显示出强烈的正相关，而不仅仅是降水或温度，这表明土壤水分是这些物种生长的主要限制气候因素。采样位置。Pinus wallichiana 和 Picea smithiana 的年表在公元 1570-1610 年和 17 世纪下半叶表现出生长抑制，而它们的生长在公元 1540-1560 年期间有所提高。我们发现从公元 1900 年到 1920 年，Abies pindrow 和 Picea smithiana 的生长速度最低，表明干燥条件。近几十年来，所有三个年表都显示出增长最快的增长，