Neurons and glia maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through diverse mechanisms of intra- and intercellular signaling. Some of these interactions include the exchange of soluble factors between cells via direct cell-to-cell contact for both short and long-distance transfer of biological materials. Transcellular transfer of mitochondria has emerged as a key example of this communication. This transcellular transfer of mitochondria are dynamically involved in the cellular and tissue response to CNS injury and play beneficial roles in recovery. This review highlights recent research addressing the cause and effect of intra- and intercellular mitochondrial transfer with a specific focus on the future of mitochondrial transplantation therapy. We believe that mitochondrial transfer plays a crucial role during bioenergetic crisis/deficit, but the quality, quantity and mode of mitochondrial transfer determines the protective capacity for the receiving cells. Mitochondrial transplantation is a new treatment paradigm and will overcome the major bottleneck of traditional approach of correcting mitochondria-related disorders.

神经元和神经胶质细胞通过不同的细胞内和细胞间信号传导机制维持中枢神经系统 (CNS) 稳态。其中一些相互作用包括通过细胞间可溶性因子的交换用于生物材料短距离和长距离转移的细胞间直接接触。线粒体的跨细胞转移已成为这种交流的一个关键例子。线粒体的这种跨细胞转移动态地参与细胞和组织对 CNS 损伤的反应，并在恢复中发挥有益作用。这篇综述强调了最近关于细胞内和细胞间线粒体转移的原因和影响的研究，特别关注线粒体移植治疗的未来。我们认为线粒体转移在生物能危机/缺陷期间起着至关重要的作用，但线粒体转移的质量、数量和方式决定了接收细胞的保护能力。