This review summarizes the mechanisms for desorbing and extracting cesium (Cs⁺) from clay minerals and soil. Most techniques use ion exchange with acids, cations, polymers, and surfactants. Some improve desorption of Cs⁺ from clay minerals, while surfactants and polymers expand the interlayer. Mixtures of acids/polymers, acids/surfactants, cations/polymers, and cations/surfactants are therefore more effective agents for desorption of Cs⁺ from clay minerals. Hydrothermal treatment plays a role similar to that of polymers and surfactants in expanding the interlayer of clay minerals. The primary desorption mechanism expands the interlayer and desorbs Cs⁺, but multiple sequential extractions based on these techniques can more effectively desorb Cs⁺ from clay minerals and field-contaminated soils. Desorption techniques for Cs⁺ based on multiple sequential extractions can reportedly achieve an efficiency greater than 90%, and such approaches are likely to be important technologies for remediation of Cs⁺-contaminated soils and industrial accident sites, as well as the dismantling of nuclear power plants.

本综述总结了从粘土矿物和土壤中解吸和提取铯 (Cs ⁺ )的机制。大多数技术使用与酸、阳离子、聚合物和表面活性剂进行离子交换。一些改进了 Cs ⁺从粘土矿物中的解吸，而表面活性剂和聚合物则扩大了夹层。因此，酸/聚合物、酸/表面活性剂、阳离子/聚合物和阳离子/表面活性剂的混合物是从粘土矿物中解吸Cs ^{+ 的}更有效试剂。水热处理的作用类似于聚合物和表面活性剂在扩大粘土矿物的夹层方面的作用。主要解吸机制使夹层膨胀并解吸 Cs ⁺，但基于这些技术的多次连续提取可以更有效地从粘土矿物和现场污染的土壤中解吸 Cs ⁺。据报道，基于多次连续提取的Cs ⁺解吸技术可以达到90%以上的效率，这种方法很可能成为Cs ⁺污染土壤和工业事故现场修复以及核电拆除的重要技术植物。