Boundaries of densely populated areas can approach with time to old subsurface repositories of radioactive waste due to growth of settlement territories. Protective isolation of the repositories was sometimes insufficient. Penetration of groundwater into the repository and discharge of the polluted water into neighboring rivers can lead to radioactive pollution of water resources of the region. Special rehabilitation measures at the repository sites are required to prevent this. Their efficiency is considered on example of former repositories of an atomic research center in Moscow (Russia). Radioactive materials were extracted from the subsurface burials for consequent disposal in a safer repository. A limited volume of polluted enclosing sedimentary rocks was also extracted and placed back after flushing with water. Analysis of rock pollution shows that these rehabilitation measures cannot enhance substantially a forecast of radioactive pollution. Moreover, loosening of the sedimentary rocks at the site of the earthwork leads to focusing of meteoric water from the surface in the domain of the most severe pollution of the underground medium. Elevated concentration of humic and fulvic acids in the surface water could intensify highly mobile colloidal form of actinide migration after the rehabilitation procedure. Place of polluted water discharge at a river bank and time of colloid-facilitated migration of radionuclides from the repository to the discharge place were estimated by computer simulation. Sampling of river sediments after approximately this time showed that concentration of uranium in the sediments at the calculated point exceeded about twice its values at neighboring sampling points up- and downstream (bottom sediments, which were polluted before remediation, were eliminated by a foregoing channel-cleaning of the river). Distributions of uranium in the sampled columns of the bottom sediments evidence that pollution of the sediments is caused by groundwater discharge. A comparison with the results of the mathematical modeling shows that this is in good agreement with the assumption of fast colloid-facilitated migration of uranium from the repository site. Along with the analysis of limited conditioning of the polluted rocks, these results indicate that the considered remediation method is less effective than hydraulic isolation of waste disposal area like it was performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯旧地下放射性废物库的修复：效率分析

由于定居地区的增长，人口稠密地区的边界可能会随着时间的流逝而接近旧的放射性废物地下储存库。储存库的保护隔离有时是不够的。地下水渗透到储存库中以及将污水排放到附近的河流中会导致该地区水资源的放射性污染。为了防止这种情况，需要在存放场所采取特殊的修复措施。莫斯科（俄罗斯）一个原子研究中心的以前仓库的例子考虑了它们的效率。从地下埋葬中提取了放射性物质，以便随后将其处置在更安全的仓库中。还提取了有限体积的被污染的封闭沉积岩，并用水冲洗后放回原处。对岩石污染的分析表明，这些修复措施不能大大增强对放射性污染的预测。此外，在土方工作地点沉积岩的松动导致在地下介质污染最严重的区域中，地表水从地表集中。修复程序后，地表水中腐殖酸和富里酸的浓度升高可能会加剧highly系元素迁移的高度流动性胶体形式。通过计算机仿真估算了河岸污水排放地点和胶体促进放射性核素从处置库向排放地点迁移的时间。大约在此时间之后对河流沉积物进行采样显示，在计算点处沉积物中的铀浓度超过上下相邻采样点的铀浓度值的两倍（底质沉积物在修复前已被污染，被前述通道消除了）。清洗河）。底部沉积物采样柱中的铀分布表明，沉积物的污染是由地下水排放引起的。与数学建模结果的比较表明，这与快速胶体促进铀从储存场迁移的假设非常吻合。除了分析受污染岩石的有限条件外，