Colonization of novel habitats can result in marked phenotypic responses to the new environment that include changes in body shape and opportunities for further morphological diversification. Fishes have repeatedly transitioned along the benthic–pelagic axis, with varying degrees of association with the substrate. Previous work focusing on individual lineages shows that these transitions are accompanied by highly predictable changes in body form. Here, we generalize expectations drawn from this literature to study the effects of habitat on body shape diversification across 3344 marine teleost fishes. We compare rates and patterns of evolution in eight linear measurements of body shape among fishes that live in pelagic, demersal and benthic habitats. While average body shape differs between habitats, these differences are subtle compared with the high diversity of shapes found within each habitat. Benthic living increases the rate of body shape evolution and has led to numerous lineages evolving extreme body shapes, including both exceptionally wide bodies and highly elongate, eel-like forms. By contrast, we find that benthic living is associated with the slowest diversification of structures associated with feeding. Though we find that habitat can serve as an impetus for predictable trait changes, we also highlight the diversity of responses in marine teleosts to opportunities presented by major habitats.

中文翻译：

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海洋鱼类沿底栖-远洋轴的体形多样化

新栖息地的殖民化可能会导致对新环境的显着表型反应，包括体形的变化和进一步形态多样化的机会。鱼类沿着底栖-远洋轴线反复转换，与底质的关联程度不同。先前针对个体谱系的研究表明，这些转变伴随着高度可预测的身体形态变化。在这里，我们概括了从该文献中得出的期望，以研究栖息地对 3344 种海洋硬骨鱼体形多样化的影响。我们比较了生活在中上层、底层和底栖栖息地的鱼类体型的八种线性测量的进化速率和模式。虽然不同栖息地之间的平均体形有所不同，但与每个栖息地内发现的高度多样性的体形相比，这些差异是微妙的。底栖生活提高了体形进化的速度，并导致许多谱系进化出极端的体形，包括异常宽大的身体和高度细长的鳗鱼状体形。相比之下，我们发现底栖生活与摄食相关结构的多样化最慢有关。尽管我们发现栖息地可以作为可预测性状变化的推动力，但我们也强调了海洋硬骨鱼对主要栖息地带来的机会的反应的多样性。